88 STAT. ]
PUBLIC LAW 93-275-MAY 7, 1974
(B) Notwithstanding the amount in controversy, the district courts of the United States shall have exclusive original jurisdiction of all other cases or controversies arising under this Act, or under rules, regulations, or orders issued thereunder, except any actions taken to implement or enforce any rule, regulation, or order by any officer of a State or local government agency under this Act: Provided,, That nothing in this section affects the power of any court of competent jurisdiction to consider, hear, and determine in any proceeding before it any issue raised by way of defense (other than a defense based on the unconstitutionality of this Act or the validity of action taken by any agency under this Act). If in any such proceeding an issue by way of defense is raised based on the unconstitutionality of this Act or the validity of agency action under this Act, the case shall be subject to removal by either party to a district court of the United States in accordance with the applicable provisions of chapter 89 of title 28, United States Code. Cases or controversies arising under any rule, regulation, or order of any officer of a State or local government agency may be heard in either (1) any appropriate State court, or (2) without regard to the amount in controversy, the district courts of the United States. (3) The Administrator may by rule prescribe procedures for State or local government agencies authorized by the Administrator- to carry out functions under this Act. Such procedures shall apply to such agencies in lieu of paragraph (1) of this subsection, and shall require that prior to taking any action, such agencies shall take steps reasonably calculated to provide notice to persons who may be affected by the action, and shall afford an opportunity for presentation of views (including oral presentation of views where practicable) at least ten days before taking the action. (j) The Administration, in connection with the exercise of the authority under this Act, shall be considered an independent Federal regulatory agency for the purposes of sections 3502 and 3512 of title 44 of the United States Code.
103 Jurisdiction.
28 USC i44i.
T R A N S I T I O N A L AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS
SEC. 8. (a) All orders, determinations, rules, regulations, permits, contracts, certificates, licenses, and privileges— (1) which have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by the President, by any Federal department or agency or official thereof, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of functions which are transferred under this Act, and (2) which are in effect at the time this Act takes effect, shall continue injeffect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked by the President, the Administrator, other authorized officials, a court of competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law. (b) This Act shall not affect any proceeding pending, at the time this Act takes effect, before any department or agency (or component thereof) regarding functions which are transferred by this Act; but such proceedings, to the extent that they relate to functions so transferred, shall be continued. Orders shall be issued in such proceedings, appeals (except as provided in section 7(i)(2) of this Act) shall be taken therefrom, and payments shall be made pursuant to such orders, as if this Act had not been enacted; and orders issued in any such proceedings shall continue in effect until modified, terminated, superseded, or revoked by a duly authorized official, by a court of competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law. Nothing in this subsection shall
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