linary herbs, while the trees are young; but such herbs are not to be placed too near their roots, which would thus be obstructed in their growth. Stakes are next to be driven around the tree, to which the branches of it are to be nailed with list, while young; being trained in an horizontal direction, and no branches being afterwards permitted to intersect each other: in shortening the roots, the uppermost eye should always be left outwards. The summer and autumn pears thrive most luxuriantly, when planted in this manner, but the winter pears do not succeed.
Apples are also sometimes cultivated as dwarfs; for which purpose they are generally grafted on paradise stocks. These do not spread their branches so widely as pears, and therefore require to be set only 8 feet apart. Some gardeners also rear dwarf-apricots and plums, which, however, being less hardy than either apples or pears, seldom thrive when set according to this method.
Dwarf-bay: See Mezereon.
Dway-berries: See Deadly Nightshade.
DYEING, generally signifies the art of tinging cloth, stuff, or other matter, with a permanent colour, by penetrating its substance. It is, however, usually confined to the art of imparting different colours to wool, silk, linen and cloth.
The materials for dyeing are so various and numerous, that our limits oblige us to be concise. The same difference, indeed, prevails among the dyeing, as among the colouring matters. Some ingredients produce durable colours, which cannot be discharged, either by exposure to air, or by washing with soap. Others, though they may withstand the action of soap, cannot resist that of the air. These are distinguished by the different appellations of true and false, permanent and fading, &c.; nor has any method been hitherto discovered, of imparting to false colours a durability, equal to that of the true ones.
This object has often been attempted, by combining a permanent with a fading colour, in the expectation that the former would communicate, some portion of its durability to the latter; which nevertheless uniformly faded, leaving the cloth dyed with the permanent colour. In some cases, however, which have been already explained, the volatile colour imparts its property to that which would otherwise continue in a fixed state. A solution of tin in aqua regia will, it is affirmed, give to many of the fading colours a high degree of beauty, and some portion of durability, though much inferior to the others.
The most permanent dyes we have, are cochineal and gum-lac, for fine red and scarlet colours; indigo and woad, for blue; and, when with different proportion; of cochineal, or gum-lac, for purple and violet colours.—Dyers-weed, and some other vegetables, for yellow; and madder for coarse reds, purples, and blacks. The fading colours are far more numerous, and include Brazil-wood, logwood, red-wood, fustic, turmeric root, anotto, archil, &c.
The whole of the operative part of dyeing depends on the application of certain colours, which the workmen call primitive, and which are five in number, namely, blue, red, yellow, fawn, or root-colour,
