lhI PAP ing. There are, however, vafious other sorts, such as Hotting, Iroivn, and coarse papers, which will not bear ink witliout sinking. To these may be added, the different sorts of paj")er intended for draw- ing, enn,rav'ing, and printing ; "which, though prepared in the usual way, ai'e not sized so tho- roughly as that designed for the pen. Paper being an article of exten- sive utility, fur literary, commer- cial, and domestic uses, many ve- getables have been discovered, which may be advantageously sub- stituted for rags. — In justice to those ingenious men, vAo first de- voted th?ii" attention to this im- portant subjefl, we shall only re- mark, that many schemes had been proposed, but none carried into efteiSt, previously to the year 17-5,1; ^henGrETTARD, in France, and, in 1765, Dr. Schaf.ffeu, in Germany, published their experi- ments J and communicated to the world vcw specimens oi paper, made of the bark, leaves, wood, straw, &c. of ditierent plants, shrubs, and trees. Soon after that j)enod, the works of AI. de h- iETTE, who described the proper- ties and uses of different plants, were printed on paper manufac- tured partly from the marsh-wal- low, and partly from the bark or rind of the Lime-tree, or Lin- den-iree : it d'serves to be re- marked, that the paper obtained from tlae former, was tolerably fine, and of a yellowish-green shade; that from the latter, was somewh.at coarser, and of a reddish- brown cast ; both were smooth, equally fit for printing and writing, but especially for drawing. Another French manufafturer, however. Lev u:r De Lisle, has been erro- PAP neonsly considered as the original inventor of the art of convertinjj raw vegetable matter into paper ; though his specimens are saia greatly to surpass those produced by ScHAEFFEE, in Germany. — We shall here briefly enumerate the principal of those specimens: name- ly, from nettles, dark-greeiT; fron> hops, dark-brown j from mosses, greasy or dusky-green 5 from reeds,. light-green j from three species of the conferva, different shades of' green, mixed with grey ; from tlie bark of the willow, reddish-brown ; from the wood of the hazel nut- tree, white as milk ; from the bark of the oak, reddish-brown ; from that of the pop/or, somewhat lighter than the preceding ; from the osier, nearly of the same tint ; from the elm, somewhat darker brown ; from the burdock, and the . leaves of the thistle (chardon) 3 green and white spotted paper. In conducing experiments with plants, the following remarks of ScHAFFER deserve attention : — The boiling of vegetable sub- stances, or the AA'ood itself, in al- kaline solutions, with a view tcr softi-n them, and facilitate their con- version into a pulp, is of no service j as, notwithstanding such treat- ment for several hours, they not only remained hard, but likewise assumed a yellow cast, though they had formerly been white. Even immersion in pure water affe6t3 the colour of vegetables : hence it. is most advisable to carry them as fresh and expeditiously as possible to the mill, to convert them into, pulp ; to draw the paper ; and sus- pend the sheets to dry in an airy, place. Though lime-water, if em- ployed for macerating vegetables,, that are to be made into paper without ragSj facilitates the -decom- positlon
