Paper and Its Uses

by Edward A. Dawe

Paper and its Uses

A TREATISE FOR PRINTERS

STATIONERS AND OTHERS

BY

EDWARD A. DAWE

Assistant Examiner of Paper, H.M. Stationery Office;

City and Guilds of London Instructor in Typography;

Honours Silver Medallist in Typography

With 34 Samples of paper

LONDON

CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON

7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, E.G.

1914

Printed at

The Darien Press

Edinburgh

PREFACE

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The library of the papermaker is well furnished with excellent works on the manufacture of paper, but the printer, stationer, and student are not so well catered for. The present volume aims to present a concise and comprehensive treatise on the manufacture and use of paper, which shall be intelligible to the student, and at the same time sufficiently progressive to lead to the study of the larger works on papermaking.

The late Mr Richard Parkinson was responsible for a work which sought to fill the want in the printer's technical library, and by extensive study and research he was able to produce a clear and concise book on paper and its uses. An important feature of great practical value was a section of samples bound at the end of the work. By adopting the plan of this earlier volume, the Author feels that the utmost usefulness is obtained. This has been possible by the generosity of Mr R. E. Parkinson, who placed the rights in his father's work at the writer's disposal.

Reference to the Syllabus of the Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute for Typographic and Lithographic Students will show that a more detailed knowledge of the manufacture of paper and its use is expected than can be found in the textbooks on printing. It is believed that the sections dealing with testing papers, the prices and weights of papers, as well as the alphabetical list, will prove of value to students generally.

Illustrations of methods of manufacture and of various machinery have been kindly lent by the manufacturers to render the mysteries of the making, treatment, and testing of paper a little clearer. The wholesale houses have rendered valuable assistance by supplying the samples bound at the end of the volume, and with helpful advice. To all these and to other friends who have revised the proofs of the work the Author tenders his grateful thanks.

EDWARD A. DAWE.

Wallington, 1914.

CONTENTS.

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1. CHAPTER

   ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   PAGE

2. I.

   Raw Materials ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

3. II.

   Reduction to Pulp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   8

4. III.

   Manufacture of Hand-made and Mould-made Papers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   14

5. IV.

   Machine-made Papers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   18

6. V.

   Finishing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   28

7. VI.

   Manufacture of Boards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   35

8. VII.

   Writing Papers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   38

9. VIII.

   Printing Papers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   43

10. IX.

    Coated Papers and Boards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    48

11. X.

    Miscellaneous Papers—Blotting, Tissue, Copying, Duplicating, Cover, Gummed Wrapping ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    51

12. XI.

    Cards and Cardboards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

13. XII.

    Durability of Paper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

14. XIII.

    Defects and Remedies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

15. XIV.

    The Right Paper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    79

16. XV.

    The Stock Room ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    89

17. XVI.

    Paper Testing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    96

18. XVII.

    Alphabetical List Of Papers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    113

19. ———

20. Tables of Sizes, Weights, and Prices of Papers and Boards ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

21. Equivalent Weights of Papers of Various Sizes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    144

22. Problems in Cost, Weight, and Quantities of Paper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    146

23. Paper Trade Customs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    149

24. City and Guilds of London Institute Examinations Extracts from Syllabus of Typography and Lithography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    152

25. Books and Periodicals on Papermaking and Testing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    154

26. Index ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    155

27. Samples of Paper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    at end of volume

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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1. FIG.

   ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   PAGE

2. 1.

   Beating Engine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   10

3. 2.

   Edge Runner or Kollergang ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   12

4. 3.

   Hand Moulds and Deckle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   15

5. 4.

   Method of Making Small Sheets On Hand Mould ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   16

6. 5.

   Elevation of Paper Machine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   19

7. 6.

   Front View of Paper Machine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   22

8. 7.

   End of Wove Dandy Roll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   24

9. 8.

   End of Laid Dandy Roll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   24

10. 9.

    End of Spiral Laid Dandy Roll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    24

11. 10.

    Single Cylinder Paper Machine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    26

12. 11.

    Web Glazing Calender ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31

13. 12.

    Ball Frame for Hanging Paper ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

14. 13.

    "Swift" Paper Curing Machine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    70

15. 14.

    Paper Scale ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    97

16. 15.

    Marshall's Paper-Testing Machine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    98

17. 16.

    Leunig Paper-Testing Machine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    99

18. 17 to 21.

    Papermaking Fibres: Rag, Hemp, Manilla, Jute ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    facing 109

19. 22 to 26.

    Papermaking Fibres: Straw, Esparto, Bamboo, Chemical Wood, Mechanical Wood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    facing 110