The Grammar of Heraldry

The Grammar of Heraldry  (1866)  by John Edwin Cussans

Full title: The Grammar of Heraldry: A Description of All the Principal Charges Used in Armory, the Signification of Heraldic Terms, and the Rules to be Observed in Blazoning and Marshalling: Together With the Armorial Bearings of All the Landed Gentry in England Prior to the Sixteenth Century. By John E. Cussans. Illustrated With One-Hundred-and-Ninety-Six Engravings.

THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL CHARGES USED IN ARMORY, THE SIGNIFICATION OF HERALDIC TERMS, AND THE RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN BLAZONING AND MARSHALLING; TOGETHER WITH THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF ALL THE LANDED GENTRY IN ENGLAND PRIOR TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. BY JOHN E. CUSSANS. ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE-HUNDRED-AND-NINETY-SIX ENGRAVINGS. LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1866. Preface CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction 1 The Grammar of Heraldry 6 Dividing Lines 7 Tinctures 9  Metals 10  Colours ib.  Furs 12 Charges  Honourable Ordinaries 14  Subordinaries 19  Roundles and Guttæ 23  Varied Tinctures of Fields and Charges 24  Common Charges 26 Descriptive Terms 44 Blazoning 47 Masks of Cadency, or Differences 51 Marshalling 53 Accessories to the Shield  Coronets 56  Helmet 58  Crest, Wreath, and Chapeau 59  Badges 60  Mottoes 61  Supporters ib.  Mantling 62  Augmentations of Honour ib.  Abatements 63 Armes Parlantes 64 Achievements of Arms 65 Hatchments 67 Flags 68 The Degrees of the Nobility and Gentry 72 Illustrations of Arms 77