United States v. Wigger/Opinion of the Court
United States Supreme Court
United States v. Wigger
Argued: October 23, 1914. --- Decided: November 30, 1914
The grand jury returned an indictment against defendant in error containing three counts, charging him with as many different violations of the criminal laws in force in Alaska. He demurred upon the ground (among others) that more than one crime was charged. The demurrer was sustained by the district court upon this ground, and the case comes here under the criminal appeals act of March 2, 1907. (34 Stat. at L. 1246, chap. 2564. ) The other grounds of the demurrer need not be further noticed.
By § 43 of title II. of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1899 (Alaska Code of Criminal Procedure, 30 Stat. at L. 1253, 1290, chap. 429; Comp. Laws of Alaska § 2152), it was declared that 'the indictment must charge but one crime, and in one form only; except that where the crime may be committed by use of different means the indictment may allege the means in the alternative.' And by § 90 of the same Code (30 Stat. at L. 1294, chap. 429; Comp. Laws of Alaska, § 2199), the defendant was entitled to demur where more than one crime was charged. But by an act of the legislature of Alaska, approved April 26, 1913 (Sess. Laws, p. 65), it was enacted that § 43 of title II of the act just mentioned should be amended to read (like § 1024, Rev. Stat. U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1901, p. 720) as follows:
'When there are several charges against any person for the same act or transaction, or for two or more acts or transactions connected together, or for two or more acts or transactions of the same class of crimes or offenses, which may be properly joined, instead of having several indictments the whole may be joined in one indictment in separate counts; and if two or more indictments are found in such cases, the court may order them to be consolidated.'
The sole question presented for decision is whether this act of the territorial legislature was efficacious to amend the act of Congress. In Summers v. United States, 231 U.S. 92, 105, 58 L. ed. 137, 141, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 38, the validity of the territorial act was assumed; but no question had been raised about it.
Local powers of legislation were first conferred upon Alaska by act of Congress of August 24, 1912 (
Comp. St. 1913, § 1704. Stat. at L. 512, chap. 387), of which the most pertinent clauses are set forth in the margin. [1] The scope of the authority of the territorial legislature, so far as the present question is concerned, depends especially upon the true intent and meaning of the clause contained in § 3, 'that all the laws of the United States heretofore passed, establishing the executive and judicial departments in Alaska, shall continue in full force and effect until amended or repealed by act of Congress.'
In order to determine what laws were by this language preserved from interference at the hands of the local legislature a brief review is necessary.
The territory in question having been ceded to the United States by the Emperor of Russia by treaty of March 30, 1867 (15 Stat. at L. 539), Congress in the following year extended to it certain of the laws of the United States, at the same time enacting that, until otherwise provided, violations of the act should be prosecuted in any district court of the United States in California or Oregon or in the district courts of Washington (act of July 27, 1868, 15 Stat. at L. 240, 241, chap. 273, § 7). By act of May 17, 1884, entitled, 'An Act Providing a Civil Government for Alaska' (23 Stat. at L. 24, chap. 53), the territory was declared to constitute a civil and judicial district; the appointment of a governor with executive authority was provided for, and by the 3d section it was enacted: 'There shall be, and hereby is, established a district court for said district, with the civil and criminal jurisdiction of district courts of the United States, and the civil and criminal jurisdiction of district courts of the United States exercising the jurisdiction of circuit courts, and such other jurisdiction, not inconsistent with this act, as may be established by law.' Provision was made for the appointment of a district judge and four commissioners, whose jurisdiction and powers were prescribed, and for appellate review.
But the act of March 3, 1899, already mentioned (30 Stat. at L. 1253, chap. 429), Congress provided an elaborate Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, of which title I. contains 219 sections, defining crimes and offenses, and providing for their punishment, and title II. contains 481 sections, dealing for the most part with proceedings for the punishment and prevention of the crimes defined in title I. By act of June 6, 1900, entitled, 'An Act Making Further Provision for a Civil Government for Alaska, and for Other Purposes' (31 Stat. at L. 321, chap. 786), further provision was made, under title I., for the establishment of the executive and judicial departments in the territory. [2] Title II. contains 1,048 sections, constituting a Code of Civil Procedure (31 Stat. at L. 333-494, chap. 786; Comp. Laws of Alaska, §§ 378-638). Title III. contains 368 sections, and is called the Civil Code (31 Stat. at L. 494-552, chap. 786; Comp. Laws of Alaska, §§ 277-362). In the Code of Civil Procedure, a chapter (31 Stat. at L. 442, chap. 786, §§ 698 et seq.) is devoted to the courts of justice, and contains sections prescribing their jurisdiction, powers, and authority. By an act approved March 3, 1909 (35 Stat. at L. 839, chap. 209, § 2), the act of 1900 was amended with respect to the jurisdiction of the district court.
As already remarked, legislative power was first conferred upon the territory by the act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. at L. 512, chap. 387). From the provision of this act, 'That all the laws of the United States heretofore passed, establishing the executive and judicial departments in Alaska, shall continue in full force and effect until amended or repealed by act of Congress,' the district court, after a review of the other legislation to which attention has been called, drew the conclusion that the laws concerning procedure in actions prosecuted in the name of the United States and by its officers are an essential and integral part of the laws establishing the executive and judicial departments, and that therefore these can be amended or repealed only by act of Congress.
With this view we are unable to concur. It seems to us that by the language employed, Congress intended to draw a clear distinction between those laws by which the executive and judicial departments had been established in the territory and those minor regulations that had to do with practice and procedure. Those enactments by which Congress had provided for the appointment of executive and judicial officers for the territory, and had marked out the powers, authority, and jurisdiction of each, and provided safeguards for their maintenance, are properly within the category of laws 'establishing' those departments. These laws, and not those merely regulating the procedure, were by the act of 1912 continued in force until amended or repealed by act of Congress. The section respecting the form of indictments was open to amendment by the territorial legislature, and the act of April 26, 1913, passed for that purpose, is therefore valid.
Judgment reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Mr. Justice McReynolds took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Notes[edit]
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'Sec. 4. There is hereby established a district court for the district, which shall be a court of general jurisdiction in civil, criminal, equity, and admiralty canses; and three district judges shall be appointed for the district, who shall, during their terms of office, reside in the divisions of the district to which they may be respectively assigned by the President. . . .'
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