Chapters on Jewish Literature/Index

by Israel Abrahams

INDEX

INDEX

 

Table of contents

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

• Abayi, Amora, 51.
• Abba Areka, Amora, 47, 48, 51.
  • popularizes Jewish learning, 49.
  • wide outlook of, 50.
• Abbahu, Amora, 48-49.
• Abraham de Balmes, translator, 149.
• Abraham de Porta Leone, historian, 220.
• Abraham Ibn Chisdai, story by, 154-155.
• Abraham Ibn Daud, historian, 213-214.
• Abrahan Ibn Ezra, on Kalir, 88.
  • life of, 115.
  • quotations from, 115.
  • activities and views of, 116, 123, 151.
• Abraham Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.
• Abraham Farissol, geographer, 206.
• Abraham Zacuto, historian, 216.
• Abul-Faraj Harun, Karaite author, 77.
• Abulwalid Merwan Ibn Janach, grammarian, 101.
  • works of, translated, 143.
• Achai, Gaon and author, 70.
• Acharonim, later scholars, 240.
• Æsop, used by Berachya haNakdan, 157.
• "Against Apion," by Josephus, 34.
• Akiba, a Tanna, 23, 24-26.
  • characteristics and history of, 24-26.
  • school of, 26.
  • fable used by, 175.
• Al-Farabi, works of, translated, 185.
• Alfassi, See Isaac Alfassi.
• Alfonso V of Portugal, Abarbanel with, 225.
• Alfonso VI of Spain, takes Toledo, 126.
• Alfonso X of Spain, employs Jews as translators, 150, 156.
• Almobades, the, a Mohammedan sect, 134, 135.
• "Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba," Kabbalistic work, 175.
• Amoraim, the, teachers of the Talmud, 44.
  • characterized, 45-46.
  • some of. enumerated. 46-52.
• Amram, Gaon, liturgist, 70.
• Anan, the son of David, founder of Karaism, 75.
• Andalusia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
• "Answers." See "Letters"; "Responses."
• "Antiquities of the Jews," by Josephus, 34.
• Antonio de Montesinos, and the Ten Tribes, 208, 247.
• Apion, attacks Judaism, 36.
• Apocrypha, the, addresses of parents to children in, 194.
• Aquila, translates the Scriptures, 26.
  • identical with Onkelos, 26-27.
• Aquinas, Thomas, studies the "Guide," 140.
• Arabic, used by the Gaonim, 71,
  • in Jewish literature, 88.
  • poetry, 84.
  • translation of the Scriptures, 91, 93, 94.
  • commentary on the Mishnah, 135.
• Aragon, Spanish Piyut in, 85.
• Aramaic, translation of the Pentateuch, 27.
  • used by Josephus, 37.
  • language of the Talmud, 44.
  • used by the Gaonim, 71.
  • translation of Scriptures in the synagogues, 94.
  • language of the Zohar, 173.
• Arbäa Turim, code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.
• Archimedes, works of, translated, 150, 185.
• Aristotle, teachings of, summarized, 140.
  • interpreted by Averroes, 149.
  • works of, translated, 135.
• Aruch, the, compiled by Zemach, 70.
  • by Nathan, the sen of Yechiel, 121, 200.
• Asher, the son of Yechiel, the will of, 195-196.
  • codifier, 234.
• Ashi, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, 51-52.
• Atonement, the Day of, hymn for, 162.
• "Autobiography," the, of Josephus, 34.
• Averroes, works of, translated, 148, 149, 185.
• Azariah di Rossi, historian, 221-222, 223.
• Azriel, Kabbalist, 171.
• Azulai, Chayim, historian, 220.

• Babylonia, Rabbinical schools in, 44.
  • centre of Jewish learning, 49, 68.
  • loses its supremacy, 92.
• Bachya Ibn Pekuda, works of, translated, 148.
  • ethical work by, 190.
• Bacon, Roger, on the scientific activity of the Jew, 150.
• Bahir, Kabbalistic work, 171.
• Bar Cochba, Akiba in the revolt of, 24
• "Barlaam and Joshaphat," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.
• Baruch of Ratisbon, Tossafist, 161.
• Beast Fables, in the Midrash, 64-67.
  • examples of, 65-66.
• Bechinath Olam, by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.
• Benjamin of Tudela, traveller, 203.
• Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite author, 77.
• Berachya ha-Nakdan, fabulist, 156-157.
• Berlin, under Frederick the Great, 254.
• Beruriah, Wife of Meir, 28.
• Bible, the. See Scriptures, the.
• Bidpai, Fables of, and the Jews, 155-156,
• Biur, the, commentary on the Pentateuch, 239.
• Bohemia, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• "Book of Creation, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.
• "Book of Creation, Commentary on the," by Saadiah, 95.
• "Book of Delight, The," by Joseph Zabara, 157-158.
• "Book of Genealogies, The," by Abraham Zacuto, 216.
• "Book of Lights and the High Beacons, The," by Kirkisani, 80.
• "Book of Principles, The," by Joseph Albo, 141.
• "Book of Roots, The," by David Kimchi, 117.
• "Book Raziel, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.
• "Book of the Exiled, The," by Saadiah, 94.
• "Book of the Pious, The," ethical work, 191.
• "Book of Tradition, The," by Abraham Ibn Daud, 213-214.
• Braganza, Duke of, friend of Abarbanel, 226.
• Brahe, Tycho, friend of David Gans, 220.
• "Branch of David, The," by David Gans, 219, 220-221.
• "Breastplate of Judgment, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
• Brilliancy," Kabbalistic work, 171.
• Browne, Sir Thomas, alluded to, 127.
• Buddha, legend of, 144-155.
• Burgundy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• Buxtorf, as translator, 148.

• "Caged Bird, The," fable, 65.
• Cairo, Old. See Fostat.
• Calendar, the Jewish, arranged, 48.
• "Call of the Generations, The," by David Conforte, 220.
• Captives of Hope, The," by Penso, 246.
• Castile, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
• Catalonia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
• "Ceremonies and Customs of the Jews," by Leon da Modena, 220.
• Chacham Zevi, author of "Responses," 238.
• "Chaff, Straw, and Wheat," fable, 65.
• "Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220, 222-223.
• Chanina, the son of Chama, Amora, 46.
• Charizi, on Chasdai, 99-100, 107.
  • on Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
  • as a poet, 131-132.
  • influences Immanuel of Rome, 181.
  • ethical work by, 189.
  • geographical notes by, 200.
• Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, patron of Moses ben Chanoch, 97.
  • Charizi on, 99-100, 107.
  • activities of, 100.
  • as a patron of Jewish Jearning and poetry, 100-101, 102.
  • and the Chazars, 102-103.
  • as translator, 130.
• Chasdai Crescas, philosopher, 141.
  • studied by Spinoza, 251.
• Chassidim, the, new saints, 176.
  • hymns by, 177.
• Chayim Vital Calabrese, Kabbalist, 176.
• Chazars, the, and Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, 102-103.
• Chiddushim, Notes on the Talmud, 234.
• Chiya, Amora, 49.
• Chizzuk Emunah, by Isaac Troki, 81.
• Chuhoth ha-Lehaboth, by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.
• "Choice of Pearls, The," by Solomen Ibn Gebirol, 110, 189.
• Choshen ha-Mishpat, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
• "Chronicle of Achimaaz," 213.
• Clement VII, pope, and David Reubeni, 207.
• "Cluster of Cyprus Flowers, A," by Judah Hadassi, 80.
• "Cock and the Rat, The," fable, 65.
• Cohen, Tobiah, geographer, 209.
• "Collections." See Machberoth.
• "Come, my Friend," Sabbath hymn, 239.
• "Conciliator, The," by Maniasseh ben Israel, 245.
• "Consolations for the Tribulations of Israel," by Samuel Usque, 217-218.
• Constantine, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.
• Cordova, centre of Arabic learning, 96-97.
  • a Jewish centre, 103, 112.
  • in the hands of the Almohades, 134.
• Council, the Great. See Synhedrion, the.
• Cromwell, and Manasseh ben Israel, 248.
• Crusades, the, and the Jews of France, 124.
• Cuzari, by Jehuda Halevi, 127, 139.

• Damascus, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
• Daniel, the Book of, commentary on 48.
• Dante, influences Jewish poets, 179, 182, 183, 186.
• David, the son of Abraham, Karaite author, 79.
• David ben Maimon, brother of Moses, 135.
• David Abi Zimra, author of "Responses," 238.
• David Alroy, pseudo-Messiah, 203.
• David Conforte, historian, 220.
• David Gans, historian, 220-221.
• David Kimchi, grammarian, 117, 123.
• David Reubeni, traveller, 207.
• "Deeds of God, The," by Abarbanel, 229,
• Descartes, studied by Spinoza, 250.
• "Deuteronomy." See "Strong Hand, The."
• "Diary of Eldad the Danite," 201-203.
• Dictionary, Hebrew rhyming, by Saadiah, 93.
  • See also Lexicon.
• Dioscorides, works of, translated, 150.
• Doria, Andrea, doge, physician of, 219.
• Dramas in Hebrew, 246-247.
• Dunash, the son of Labrat, grammmarian, 101, 123.
• Duran family, writers of "Responses," 237.

• Eben Bochan, by Kalonymos, 185.
• Eben ha-Ezer, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
• Egypt, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
• Eldad the Danite, traveller, 201-208.
• Eleazar of Worms, writer, 191.
• Eleazar the Levite, will of, 196-197.
• Eleazar, the son of Azariah, saying of, 25-26.
• Eleazar, the son of Isaac, will of, 194-195.
• Elias del Medigo, critic, 222.
• Elias Levita, grammarian, 229.
• Elijah Kapsali, historian, 216.
• Elisha, the son of Abuya, and Meir, 28.
• Emden, Jacob, author of "Responses," 238.
• Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.
• Emunoth ve-Deoth, by Saadiah, 95.
• En Yaakob, by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.
• Enan, giant in "The Book of Delight," 157-158.
• England, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • Jews re-admitted into, 244.
• "Ennoblement of Character, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
• Eshkol ha-Kopher, by Judah Hadassi, 80.
• Esthori Parchi, explorer of Palestine, 204-205.
• Ethical Wills, prevalence and character of, 193-194.
  • examples of, and quotations from, 194-198.
• "Ethics, the," by Spinoza, 251.
• Euclid, works of, translated, 149.
• Eusebius, used in "Josippon," 214.
• "Examination of the World," by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.
• Exilarcks, the, official heads of the Persian Jews, 72.
• "Eye of Jacob, The," by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.
• Ezra, Kabbalist, 171.

• Fables. See Beast Fables; Fox Fables.
• "Faith and Philosophy," by Saadiah, 95.
• Fathers, the CHristian, and the Simlai, 47.
• Fayum, birthplace of Saadiah, 91.
• Ferdinand and Isabella, Abarbanel with, 226.
• Fez, the Maimon family at, 135.
• Fiesco, rebellion of, 217.
• Folk-takes, diffusion of, 153.
• Festat, Maimonides at, 135.
• "Foundation of the World, The," by Moses Zacut, 246.
• "Fountain of Life, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
• "Four Rows, The," code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.
• "Fox and the Fishes, The," fable, 65.
• "Fox as Singer, The," fable, 66.
• Fox Fables, by Meir, 64.
  • by Berachya ha-Nakdan, 156-157.
• France, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • a Jewish centre, 116, 119, 124.
  • Jewish schools of, destroyed, 124.
• Fränkel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 253.
• Frederick II, emperor, patron of Anatoli, 149.
• Frederick the Great, the Berlin of, 254.

• Galen, works of, translated, 150, 185.
• Galilee, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
  • explored by Esthori Parchi, 205.
• Gaonim, the, heads of the Babylonian schools, 68.
  • work of, 68-69.
  • literary productions of, 69-71.
  • language used by, 71.
  • "Letters" of, 71-74.
  • religious heads of the Jews of Persia, 72.
  • as writers, 74.
  • Karaite controversies with, 78.
  • works of, collected, 104.
  • analyze the Talmud, 121,
• Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, historian, 222-223.
• Gemara. See Talmud, the.
• Genesis, commentary on, by Saadiah, 94.
• Geographical literature among the Jews, 200.
• German Jews, stagnation among, 254.
• Germany, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• Gersonides. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
• "Glory to the Virtuous," by Luzzatto, 247.
• Graetz, H., quoted, 21, 168.
• Grammar, Hebrew, works on, 77, 79, 117.
• Granada, Jewish literary centre, 112.
• Greece, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• Greek, translation of the Scriptures, 26.
  • used by Josephus, 37.
  • used in the Sibylline books, 39.
  • used among the Jews, 48.
• Grotius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
• Guarini, influences Luzzatto, 246.
• "Guide of the Perplexed, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136, 139-141, 142.

• Habus, Samuel Ibn Nagdela minister to, 103.
• Hagadab, the poetic element of the Talmud, 47.
• Hai, the last Gaon, 71.
• Halachah, the legal element of the Talmud, 47, 55.
• Halachoth Gedoloth, compilation of Halachic decisions, 73.
• Haman, a fable concerning, 66.
• Hassan, the son of Mashiach, Karaite author, 78, 79.
• "Heart Duties," by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.
• Hebrew, the, of the Mishnah, 29.
  • used by the Gaonim, 71.
  • the language of prayer, 83.
  • influenced by Kalir, 88.
  • translations into, 145, 146.
  • a living language, 147.
  • studied by Christians, 230.
• Heilprin, Yechiel, historian, 220.
• Heine, quoted, 128.
• "Hell and Eden," by Immanuel of Rome, 182, 181-185.
• "Higher Criticism," the, father of, 116.
• Hillel I, parable of, 62.
• Hillel II, arranges the Jewish Calendar, 48.
• Hippocrates, works of, translated, 150.
• Historical works, 33-34.
• Historical writing among the Jews, 211-212, 213, 217.
• "History of France and Turkey," by Joseph Cohen, 217.
• "History of the Jewish Kings," by Justus, 34.
• "History of the Ottoman Empire," by Elijah Kapsali, 216.
• Holland, a Jewish centre, 243.
• Homileties, in the Midrash, 57.
  • in Sheeltoth, 70.
• "Hope of Israel, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, 208-209, 248.
• Hosannas, the Day of, hymn for, 89.
• Huet, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
• Huna, Amora, 49-50.

• Ibn Roshd. See Averroes.
• Icabo, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
• Iggaron, dictionary by David, 79.
• Ikkarim, by Joseph Albo, 141.
• Immanuel, the son of Salomon, Italian Jewish poet, 179, 180.
  • life of, 180-181.
  • works of, 182-185.
• Isaac the Elder, Tossafist, 161.
• Isaac, the son of Asher, Tossafist, 161.
• Isaac Abarbanel, in Portugal, 225-226.
  • writes commentaries, 226, 227.
  • in Castile, 226.
  • in Naples and Corfu, 226-227.
  • in Venice, 227.
  • as a writer, 227-228.
  • as an exegete, 228, 229.
  • as a philosopher, 229.
• Isaac Aboab, ethical writer, 192.
• Isaac Alfassi, Talmudist, 121-122.
• Isaac Lurya, Kabbalist, 176.
• Isaac Troki, Karaite author, 81.
• Isaiah Hurwitz, Kabbalist, 176.
• Isaiah, the Book of, Abraham Ibn Ezra on, 116.
• Islam, sects of, 75-76.
• Israel Baalshem, Kabbalist, 176-177.
• Israel Isserlein, author of "Responses," 237.
• "It was at Midnight," by Jannai, 86.
• Italian Jewish Literature, 178-180, 187.
• Italy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• "Itinera Mundi," by Abraham Farissol, 206.
• "Itinerary," by Benjamin of Tudela, 203.

• Jabneh, See Jamnia.
• Jacob Ibn Chabib, writer, 192.
• Jacob Anatoli, translator, 148.
  • patron and friend of, 149.
• Jacob Asheri, compiler of the Turim, 234, 239.
• Jacob Weil, author of "Responses," 237.
• Jacobs, Mr. Joseph, quoted. 65, 66, 156, 158-159.
• Jair Chayim Bacharach, author of "Responses," 238.
• Jamnia, centre of Jewish learning, 19-22.
• Jannai, originator of the Piyut, 86.
  • date of, 87.
• Japhet, the son of Ali, Karaite author, 78, 79.
• Jayme I of Aragon, orders a public disputation, 164.
• Jehuda Halevi, models of, 107.
  • subjects of, 109.
  • prominence of, 126.
  • youth of, 126-127.
  • as a philosopher and physician, 127-128, 139.
  • longs for Jerusalem. 128.
  • on his journey, 128-129.
  • quotation from. 129-130.
  • works of, translated, 148.
• Jerome, under Jewish influence, 48.
• "Jerusalem," by Mendelssohn, 256.
• "Jewish War, The," by Justus, 34.
• "Jews, The," by Lessing, 256.
• Jochanan, the son of Napacha, Amora, 46, 47, 51.
• Jochanan, the son of Zakkai, characterized, 20-21, 24.
  • as a Tanna, 23-24.
• Jochanan Aleman, Kabbalist, 174.
• John of Capua, translator, 155.
• Joseph Ibn Caspi, will of, 196.
• Joseph Ibn Verga, historian, 218-219.
• Joseph al-Bazir, Karaite author, 78, 79.
• Joseph Albo, philosopher, 141.
• Joseph Cohen, historian, 216-217, 219.
• Joseph Delmedigo, on Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 222.
• Joseph Karo, prohibits the Machberoth, 183.
  • compiler of the Shulchan Aruch, 233.
  • life of, 238-259.
  • See Shulchan Aruch, the.
• Joseph Kimchi, exegete, 116.
• Joseph Zabara, poet, 157-158.
  • geographical notes by, 200.
• Josephus, Flavius, historian, 34-38.
  • works of of, 34.
  • characterized, 35-36.
  • champion of Judaism, 36, 37-38.
  • style of, 36-37.
  • language used by, 37.
  • used in "Josippon," 214.
• Joshua, the son of Levi, Amora, 47.
• "Josippon," a romance, 214.
• Judah the Prince, a Tanna, 23, 28-29.
  • characterized, 28-29.
• Judah Ibn Ezra, anti-Karaite, 214.
• Judah Ibn Tibbon as a translator, 146, 147.
  • as a physician, 146-147.
• Judah Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.
• Judah Chayuj, grammarian, 101.
• Judah Chassid, ethical writer, 191.
• Judah Hadassi, Karaite author, 80-81.
• Judah Minz, author of "Responses," 237.
• Judah Romano, school-man, 185.
• Judaism, after the loss of a national centre, 21.
  • championed by Josephus, 36, 37-38.
  • philosophy of, 77.
• Justus of Tiberias, historian, works of, 34.

• Kabbala, mysticism, 170.
  • development of, 171.
  • and Christian scholars, 174.
  • the later, 175.
• Kalila ve-Dimna. See Bidpai, Fables of.
• Kalir, new-Hebrew poet, 85, 86, 87.
  • date of, 87.
  • style of, 87-88, 107.
  • subject-matter of, 88-89.
  • quotation from, 89-90.
• Kalirian Piyut, the, 85.
• Kalonymos, the son of Kalonymos, translator, 149, 185.
  • as poet, 179, 180, 185-186.
• Kant, and Mendelssohn, 257.
• Kaphtor va-Pherach, Esthori Parchi, 205.
• Karaism, rise of, 75-76.
  • a reaction against tradition, 76.

• • defect of, 76.
  • Literary influence of, 77.
  • history of, 80.
  • Rabbinite opposition to, 82.
  • opposed by Saadiah, 91, 92.
• Kepler, correspondent of David Gans, 220.
• Kether Malchuth, by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
  • quotation from, 111-112.
• Kimchi. See Joseph; Moses; David.
• Kirkisani, Karaite author, 80.
• Kodashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• Kore ha-Doroth, by David Conforte, 220.

• "Lamp of Light, The," by Isaac Aboab, 192.
• Landau, Ezekiel, author of "Responses," 238.
• Lavater, and Mendelssohn, 258.
• "Law of Man, The," by Nachmanides, 166.
• Lecha Dodi, Sabhath hymn, 239.
• Lecky, on the scientific activity of the Jews 150.
• Leon da Modena, historian, 220.
• Leon, Messer, physician and writer, 187.
• Leshon Limmudim, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.
• "Lesser Sanctuary, The," by Moses Rieti, 186.
• Lessing, and Mendelssohn, 255-256.
• "Letter," by Sherira, 70-71, 212.
• "Letter of Advice, The" by Solomon Alami, 197-198.
• "Letter of Aristeas," by Azariah di Rossi, 223.
• "Letters," the, of the Gaonim, scope of, 71-73.
  • style of, 74.
  • geographical notes in, 200.
  • and the "Responses," 234.
• Levi, the son of Gershon, philosopher, 141.
• Lexicon, by Sahal, 79.
  • by David, 79.
  • by David Kimchi, 117.
• Lexicon, Talmudical. See Aruch, 70.
• "Light of God, The," by Chasdai Crescas, 141.
• "Light of the Eyes, The," by Azariah di Rossi, 220, 223.
• Literature, Jewish, oral, 21-22.
  • principle of, 23-24,
  • under the influence of Karaism, 77.
  • See Mishnah, the.
• Liturgy, the, earliest additions to, 83.
  • See Piyut, the.
• Lorraine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• Lost Ten Tribes, book on, 201.
  • in Brazil, 208.
• Lucas, Mrs. Alice, translations by, quoted, 63.
• Lucian, used in "Josippon," 214.
• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, Kabbalist and dramatist, 176.
  • ethical work by, 193.
  • as dramatist, 246-247.
• Lydda, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• Machberoth, by Immanuel of Rome, 182-185.
• Maggid, familiar of Joseph Karo, 239.
• Maharil, collection of Customs, 238.
• Maimonides, Moses, the forerunner of, 95.
  • youth of, 134-135.
  • activities of, 135-136.
  • disinterestedness of, 136.
  • attacks on, 137, 141.
  • prominence of, 137-138.
  • as a philosopher, 138-141, 142, 151.
  • works of, translated, 148.
  • and Nachmanides, 163.
  • studied by Spinoza, 250.
• Mainz, Rashi at, 122.
• Majorca, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
• Manasseh ben Israel, and the Lost Tribes, 208-209, 243, 247-248.
  • political activity of, 244, 248.
  • life of, 244.
  • attainments and friends of, 245.
  • activities of, 247.
  • as a pamphleteer, 248-249.

• • and Spinoza, 250.
• Manetho, historian, and Josephus, 36.
• Massechtoth, tractates of the Mishnah, 31.
• "Maximes of the Philosophers," by Charizi, 189.
• Mebo ha-Talmud, by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 104.
• Mechilta, a Midrashic work, 57.
• Megillath Taanith, See "Scroll of Fasting, The."
• Meir, a Tanna, 23, 27-28.
  • characterized, 27-28.
  • fables by, 64.
• Meir of Rothenburg, poet, 131, 235-237.
  • writer of "Responses," 235.
• "Memorial Books," historical sources, 216.
• Menachem, the son of Zaruk, grammarian, 100, 101, 123.
• Mendelssohn, Moses, antagonized by Ezekiel Landau, 238.
  • life of, 258.
  • objects to the separation of culture and religion, 254.
  • service of, to Judaism, 254-255.
  • and Lessing, 255-256.
  • style of, 257.
  • and Lavater, 258.
  • translates the Pentateuch, 258-259.
  • circle of, 259.
  • influence of, 259-260.
• Menorath ha-Maor, by Isaac Aboab, 192.
• Meör Enayim, by Azariah di Rossi, 220.
• Meshullam of Lunel, patron of learning, 146, 147.
• Messiah, the, Joshua on, 47.
• Messilath Yesharim, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.
• Metre, in Hebrew poetry, 84.
• Michlol, by David Kimchi, 117.
• Midrash, the, characterized, 55-57.
  • poetical, 56, 57.
  • popular homileties, 57.
  • works called, 57-58.
  • style of, 58-59.
  • proverbs in, 59-60.
  • parables in, 60-64.
  • beast fables in, 64-67.
  • and the Piyut, 86, 88-89.
  • used by Rashi, 123, 124.
• Midrash Maggadol, a Midrashic work, 58.
• Midrash Rabbah, a Midrashic work, 58.
• Mikdash Meät, by Moses Rieti, 186.
• Minhag, established by the Gaonim, 69.
• Miphaloth Elohim, by Abarbanel, 229.
• Mishnah, a paragraph of the Mishnah, 31.
• Mishnah, the, origin of, 22.
  • principle of, 24.
  • compiled by Rabbi, 28.
  • contents and style of, 29-31.
  • divisions of, 31.
  • development of, 43. See Talmud, the.
  • date of, 52.
  • Sherira, on, 70.
  • Maimon's commentary on, 135.
  • commentary on, 206.
  • personified, 239.
• Mishneh Torah. See "Strong Hand, The,"
• Moed, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• Mohammedanism assumed by the Maimon family, 135.
• Moreh Nebuchim, See "Guide of the Perplexed, The."
• Moses, teachings of, summarized, 140.
• Moses of Leon, author of the Zohar, 172, 173.
• Moses, the son of Chanoch, founds a school at Cordova, 97.
• Meses, the son of Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses.
• Moses Ibn Ezra, and the Scriptures, 107, 109.
  • life of, 112-113.
  • quotation from, 113-114.
  • hymns of, 114.
  • Charizi on, 114.
• Moses Ibn Tibbon, translator, 148.
• Moses Alshech, homiletical writer, 230.
• Moses Kimchi, grammarian, 117.
• Moses Minz, author of "Responses," 237.
• Moses Rieti, poet, 186-187.
• Mysticism, an element of religion, 169-170.
  • in Judaism, 170.

• Nachmanides, Moses, Talmudist, 160-168.
  • on the French Rabbis, 160, 162.
  • as a poet, 162.
  • gentleness of, 163.
  • in a disputation, 163-164.
  • in Palestine, 165.
  • as an exegete, 165-168.
  • teacher of, 171.
  • will of, 195.
  • Nahar, poet, 109.
• "Name of the Great Ones, The," by Chayim Azulai, 220.
• Naples, Abarbanel in, 226.
• Nashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• "Nathan the Wise," by Lessing, 256.
• Nathan, the son of Yechiel, lexicographer, 121.
• Nehardea, centre of Jewish learning, 44.
• Nehemiah Chayun, Kabbalist, 176.
• New-Hebrew as a literary language, 83.
• New-Hebrew poetry, and the Scriptures, 107.
  • characteristics of, 108-109.
  • after Jehuda Halevi, 130-131, 132.
  • See also Piyut.
• Nezikin, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• Nicholas, monk, translator, 150.
• "Novelties," Notes on the Talmud, 234.
• Numco, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.

• Obadiah of Bertinoro, Rabbi of Jerusalem, 206.
• Omar, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.
• Onkelos, See Aquila.
• Orach Chayim, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240.
• "Order of Generations, The," by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.
• "Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim," 212.
• Orders of the Mishnah, 31.
• Origen, under Jewish influence, 48.

• Pablo Christiani, convert, and Nachmanindes, 161.
• Palestine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • the Maimon family in, 135.
  • explored, 204-205.
  • open to Jews, 205-206.
• Parables, in the Midrash, 60-61.
  • examples of, 62, 63.
• Parallelism of line, in the Scariptures, 108.
• Passover, hymn for, 86.
• "Path of Life, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240.
• "Path of the Upright, The," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.
• Penso, Joseph Felix, dramatist, 246.
• Pentateuch, the, translated, 27, 247, 258.
  • as viewed by Meir, 27.
  • commentary on, 166-168, 230.
  • See also Scriptures, the.
• Perakim, chapters of the Mishnah, 31.
• Perez of Corbeil, Tossafist, 161.
• "Perfection," by David Kimchi, 117.
• Persia, the Jews of, independent, 72.
  • See also Babylonia.
• Pesikta, a Midrashic work, 58.
• Petachiah of Ratisbon, traveller, 204.
• Phædo, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, 257.
• Philo, on Judaism, 38.
• Philosophy, Jewish, created by Saadiah, 91, 95.
• Pico di Mirandola, and the Kabbala, 174.
• Piyut, the, characteristics of, 83-84.
  • two types of, 84-85.
  • Kalirian, 85.
  • Spanish, 85.

• • creator of, 85-86.
  • by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 105.
  • in Italy, 186.
• Poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry; Piyut.
• Poland, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
• Porphyry, on the Book of Daniel, 48.
• Prayer-Book, the, compiled by Amram, 70.
  • arranged by Saadiah, 95.
• Prester John, Eldad on, 203.
• "Prince and Nazirite," Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.
• Provence, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
  • Jewish learning in, 146.
• Proverbs, in the Midrash, 69-60.
  • quoted, 59.
• Psalms, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 104-105, 108.
  • mysticism in, 169, 170.
• Ptolemy, works of, translated, 149, 185.
• Pumbediths, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.
• "Purim Tractate, The," by Kalonymos, 185-186.
• Pygmies, the, discovered by Tobiah Cohen, 209.

• Questions and Answers," decisions, 73.

• Rab. See Abba Areka.
• Rabba, the son of Nachmani, Amora, 51.
• Rabbi. See Judah the Prince.
• Rabbinical schools, in Babylonia, 44.
• Rabina, Amora, compiler of the Talmud. 51, 52.
• Ralbag. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
• Ramban. See Nachmanides, Moses.
• Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meir.
• Rashi (R. Shelomo Izchaki), importance of, 119.
  • style of, 119-120.
  • characteristics of, 120-121.
  • life of, 122.
  • as an exegete, 123-124.
  • descendants of, 124, 161.
• Rava, Amora, 51.
• Rembrandt, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
• Renaissance, the, and Italian Jewish literature, 178, 182, 184, 187.
• Renan, on the students of Averroes, 148.
• "Responses," on religious subjects, 234-235, 237-238.
• Reuchlin, Johann, and the Kabbala, 174.
• Rhyme, in Hebrew poetry, 84.
• "Rod of Judah, The," by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.
• Rokeach, by Eleazar of Worms, 191.
• "Royal Crown, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
  • quotation from, 111-112.

• Saadiah, Gaon, 70, 91-97.
  • activities of, 91, 95.
  • opposes Karaism, 92, 94.
  • translates the Scriptures, 93, 94.
  • style of, 93.
  • conflict of, with the Exilarch, 95.
  • arranges a prayer-book, 95.
  • as a philosopher, 95-96, 139.
  • works of, translated, 148.
• Sabbatai Zevi, and the Kabbala, 175.
  • opponents of, 238.
• Sacred Letter, The," by Nachmanides, 165.
• Safed, Kabbalist centre, 175.
• Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 77-78.
• Salman, the son of Yerucham, Karaite author, 78.
• Salonica, Kabbalist centre, 175.
• "Salvation of his Anointed," by Abarbanel, 229.
• "Samson," by Luzzatto, 246.
• Samuel, Amora, 47-48, 51.
  • astronomer, 48.
• Samuel, the son of Chofni, Gaon and author, 71.
• Samuel ben Meir, exegete, 124.
• Samuel Ibn Nagdela, Nagid and minister, 103.
  • as a scholar, 104.
  • as a poet, 104-105.
• Samuel Ibn Tibbon, translator, 147, 148.
  • son-in-law of, 148.
• Samuel Usque, poet, 217-218.
• Scientific activity of the Jews, 151.
• Scot, Michael, friend of Anatoli, 149, 151.
• Scriptures, the, translated into Greek, 26.
  • commentaries on, 77, 79, 128, 229.
  • translated into Arabic, 91, 93, 94.
  • translations of, in the synagogues, 94.
  • and new-Hebrew poetry, 107-108.
  • characteristics of the poetry of, 108.
  • addresses of parents to children in, 194.
  • See also Pentateuch, the.
• Scroll of Fasting, The," contents, character, and purpose of, 40-41.
• Sedarim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• Seder ha-Doroth, by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.
• Sefer Dikduk, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.
• Sefer ha-Chassidim, ethical work, 191.
• Sefer ha-Galui, by Saadiah, 93.
• Sefer ha-Kabbalah, by Abraham ihn Daud, 213-214.
• Sefer Yetsirah, by Saadiah, 95.
  • Kabbalistic, 175.
• Seleucid era, the, abolished, 238.
• Selichoth, elegies, Zunz on, 215-216.
• Sepphoris, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
• Septuagint, the, style of, 26.
• Seville, Jewish literary centre, 112.
• Shaaloth u-Teshuboth, decisions, 73.
• Shalsheleth ha-Kabbalah, by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220.
• Shebet Jehudah, by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.
• Sheeltoth, by Achai, 69-70.
• Sheloh, by Isaiah Hurwitz 176.
• Shelomo Izchaki, See Rashi.
• Sherira, Gaon and historian 70-71.
• Sheshet family, writers of "Responses," 237.
• "Shields of the Mighty, The," by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.
• Shiites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.
• Shilte ha-Gibborim, by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.
• Shulchan Aruch, the, publication of, 232.
  • scope of, 232-233.
  • sources of, 233-234.
  • parts of, 239-240.
  • value of, 241.
• Sibylline books, the Jewish, 38-40.
  • on the Jewish religion, 38-39.
  • language of, 39.
  • quotations from, 39, 40.
• Siddur, the, compiled by Amram, 70.
• Sifra, a Midrashic work, 57.
• Sifre, a Midrashic work, 57.
• Simlai, Amora, 47, 48.
• Simon, the son of Lakish, Amora, 46.
• Simon, the son of Yochai, alleged author of the Zohar, 172.
• Solomon the son of Adereth, writer of "Responses," 235.
• Solomen Ibn Gebirol, and the Scriptures, 107.
  • subjects of, 109.
  • life of, 109-110.
  • works of, 110.
  • quotations from, 111-112,
  • works of, translated, 148.
• Solomon Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.
• Solomon Alami, ethical writer, 197-198.
• Solomon Alkabets, poet, 239.
• Solomon Molcho, and the Kabbala, 175, 207.
• Song of Songs, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 107.
• Spain, Moorish, the centre of Jewish learning, 96-97.
• Spanish-Jewish poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry.
• Spanish Piyut, the, 85.
• Speyer, Rashi at, 122.
• Spinoza, Baruch, influenced by Chasdai Crescas, 141.

• • philosopher, 243, 244, 249-251.
  • life of, 250-251.
  • works of, 251.
• Steinschneider, Dr., on Jewish translators, 144.
• "Stone of Help, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
• Strabo, used in "Josippon," 214.
• "Strengthening of Faith, The," by Isaac Troki, 81.
• "Strong Hand, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136-137, 139, 232.
• "Strong Tower, The," by Luzzatto, 246.
• Sunnites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.
• Sura, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.
  • Saadiah at, 91, 96.
• Synhedrion, the, at Jamnia, 19-20.

• "Table Prepared," See Shulchan Aruch, the.
• Tables of Alfonso, in Hebrew, 221.
• Tachkemoni, by Charizi, 131-132, 183.
• Talmud, the, commentary on the Mishnah, 43.
  • language of, 44.
  • two wocks, 44.
  • the teachers of, 44.
  • character of, 45, 50, 53.
  • the two aspects of, 47.
  • and Rab and Samuel, 47-48, 51.
  • influences traceable in, 50-51.
  • compilation of, 51-52.
  • beast fables in, 64-67.
  • lexicon of, 70.
  • and the Piyut, 86.
  • commentary on, by Rashi, 120.
  • geographical notes in, 200.
  • Notes on, 234.
• Talmud, the Babylonian, 44.
  • the larger work, 44.
• Talmud, the Jerusalem, 44.
• Tam of Ramern, Tossafist, 161.
• Tanchuma, a Midrashic work, 58.
• Tannaim, the, teachers of the Mishnah, 22.
  • four generations of, 23.
• Targum Onkelos, Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, 27.
• Tarshish, by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
• "Teacher of Knowledge, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239-240.
• Teharoth, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• Teshuboth. See "Letters," the; "Responses," the.
• "Theologico-Political Tractate," by Spinoza, 244, 251.
• Tiberias, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
• Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.
• Toledo, Jewish literary centre, 112.
  • cosmopolitanism of, 126.
• "Topaz, The," by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
• Torah, the. See Pentateuch, the.
• Tossafists, the, French Talmudists, 160-161.
• Tossafoth, Additions, 161.
• "Touchstone, The," by Kalonymos, 185.
• Tractates of the Mishnah, 31.
• Tradition, the Jewish, investigated at Jamnia, 21.
  • Sherira on, 70.
  • reaction against, 76.
  • See Mishnah, the.
• Translations, value of, 144.
  • made by Jews, 144-145, 146, 149-151, 153-154, 155-156.
• "Travels," by Petachiah of Ratisbon, 204.
• Troyes, Rashi at, 122.
• "Two Tables of the Covenant, The," by Isaiah Hurwitz, 176.
• Tyre, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.

• Usha, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

• "Valley of Tears, The," by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.
• Venice, Abarbanel in, 227.
• Vindiciæ Judeorum, by Manasseh ben Israel, 244, 249, 258.
• "Vineyard," the. See Jamnia.
• Vossins, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

• "Wars of the Jews, The," by Josephus, 34.
  • the language of, 37.
• "Wars of the Lord, The," by Gersonides, 141.
• "Wars of the Lord, The," by Salman, the son of Yerucham, 78.
• Wessely, N. H., pedagogue, 210.
• "Wolf and the two Hounds, The," fable, 65.
• "Wolf at the Well, The," fable, 65.
• "Work of Tobiah, The," by Tobiah Cohen, 209.
• Worms, Rashi at, 122.

• Yad Hachazaka. See "Strong Hand, The."
• Yalkut, collected Midrashim, 58.
• Yedaiah Bedaressi, writer, 191-192.
• Yeshuoth Meshicho, by Abarbanel, 229.
• Yoreh Deah, part of the Shulchan Arnch, 240.
• Yuchasin, by Abraham Zacuto, 216.

• Zabara, satirist, 127.
• Zacut, Moses, dramatist, 246.
• Zeëna u-Reëna, homiletical work, 230.
• Zeira, Amora, 46.
• Zemach, the son of Paltoi, Gaon and lexicographer, 70.
• Zemach David, by David Gans, 220-221.
• Zeraim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
• Zevaoth. See Ethical Wills.
• Zicarco, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
• Zion, odes to, by Jehuda Halevi, 109, 129-130.
• Zohar, the, Kabbalistic work, 172-174.
  • style and language of, 172-173.
  • contents of, 173-174.
  • Christian ideas in, 174.
  • importance of, 175.