Page:A critical and exegetical commentary on Genesis (1910).djvu/319

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(8) (Symbol missingHebrew characters) ((Symbol missingGreek characters))] Six miles S of Ruād, the modern village of Ṣumra preserves the name of this city: Eg. Ṣamar; TA, Ṣumur; Ass. Ṣimirra; Gr. (Symbol missingGreek characters). See Strabo, XVI. ii. 12; AE, 187; KAT2, 105; Del. Par. 281 f.

(9) (Symbol missingHebrew characters) ((Symbol missingGreek characters))] from the well-known Ḥamath on the Orontes; now Ḥamā.

The delimitation of the Canaanite boundary in v.19 is very obscure. It describes two sides of a triangle, from Ẓidon on the N to Gaza or Gerar in the SW; and from thence to a point near the S end of the Dead Sea. The terminus (Symbol missingHebrew characters) (G (Symbol missingGreek characters)) is, however, unknown. The traditional identification (TJ, Jer.) with (Symbol missingGreek characters), near the N end of the Dead Sea, is obviously unsuitable. Kittel, BH (very improbably), suggests (Symbol missingHebrew characters) (142)). We. (Comp.2 15) reads (Symbol missingHebrew characters) or (Symbol missingHebrew characters) (Jos. 1947 (Symbol missingHebrew characters)) = 'to Dan' ((Symbol missingHebrew characters)), the conventional northern limit of Canaan,—thus completing the E side of the triangle.—Gerar were certainly further S. than Gaza (see on 201); hence we cannot read 'as far as (v.i.) Gerar, up to Gaza,' while the rendering 'in the direction of Gerar, as far as Gaza,' would only be intelligible if Gerar were a better known locality than Gaza. Most probably (Symbol missingHebrew characters) is a gloss (Gu. al.).—On the situation of Sodom, etc., see on ch. 19.—On any construction of the v. the northern cities of 17. 18a are excluded.—[E] has an entirely different text: (Symbol missingHebrew characters),—an amalgam of 1518 and Dt. 1124.


21, 24, 25-30. The Shemites.—The genealogy of Shem in J resolves itself entirely into a classification of the peoples whose origin was traced to 'Eber. These fall into two main branches: the descendants of Peleg (who are not here enumerated), and the Yoḳṭanites or S Arabian tribes. Shem is thus nothing more than the representative of the unity of the widely scattered Hebraic stock: Shemite and 'Hebrew' are convertible terms. This recognition of the ethnological affinity of the northern and southern Semites is a remarkable contrast to P, who assigns the S Arabians to Ḥam,—the family with which Israel had least desire to be associated.


(Symbol missingHebrew characters) is the eponym of (Symbol missingHebrew characters) (Hebrews), the name by which the Israelites are often designated in distinction from other peoples, down to the time of Saul[1] (see G-K. § 2 b: the pass. are cited in BDB, s.v.). It is strange at first sight that while the (Symbol missingHebrew characters) of v.21 include all Shemites known to J, the gentilic word is historically restricted to Israelites. The difficulty is perhaps removed by the still disputed, but now widely

  1. After 1 Sa. it occurs only Dt. 1512, Jer. 349. 14, Jon. 19. But see the cogent criticisms of Weinheimer in ZATW, 1909, 275 ff., who propounds the view that Hebrews and Israelites were distinct strata of the population.