An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions

An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions Second Edition  (1913)  by Nathaniel Lord Britton & Addison Brown Title Page and Table of Contents

Introduction→

related portals: Botany.

an

Illustrated Flora

of the

Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions

From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian

by

Nathaniel Lord Britton, Ph.D., Sc.D, LL.D.

Director-In-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden; Emeritus Professor of Botany in Columbia University

and

Hon. Addison Brown, A.B., LL.D.

President of the New York Botanical Garden

The Descriptive Text chiefly prepared by Professor Britton, with the assistance of specialists in several groups; the figures also drawn under his supervision

Second Edition—Revised and Enlarged

In Three Volumes

Vol. I. ophioglossaceae to polygonaceae, ferns to buckwheat Vol. II. amaranthaceae to loganiacea, amaranth to polypremium Vol. III. gentianaceae to compositea, gentian to thistle

New York Charles Scribner's Sons 1913

Copyright 1913 By Nathaniel L. Britton and Helen C. Brown, Executrix of the Estate of Addison Brown, deceased.

Press of The New Era Printing Company Lancaster, Pa.

Contents

Introduction,

Abbreviations of the Names of Authors,

Glossary of Special Terms,

General Key to the Orders and Families,

Index to Latin Genera,

Symbols Used,

Pteridophyta (Ferns and Fern-Allies)

1. Ophioglossaceae – Adder's Tongue Family 2. Osmundaceae – Royal-Fern Family 3. Hymenophyllaceae – Filmy-Fern Family 4. Schizaeaceae – Climbing-Fern Family 5. Polypodiaceae – Fern Family 6. Marsileaceae – Marsilea Family 7. Salviniaceae – Salvinia Family 8. Equisetaceae – Horsetail Family 9. Lycopodiaceae – Club Moss Family 10. Selaginellaceae – Selaginella Family 11. Isoetaceae – Quillwort Family

Spermatophyta (Seed-Bearing Plants)

Gymnospermae (Seeds Naked) 1. Pinaceae – Pine Family — Conifers 2. Taxaceae – Yew Family Angiospermae (Seeds Enclosed) Monocotyledones (Cotyledon one) 1. Typhaceae – Cat-Tail Family 2. Sparganiaceae – Bur-Reed Family 3. Zannichelliaceae – Pondweed Family 4. Naiadaceae – Naias Family 5. Zosteraceae – Eel-Grass Family 6. Scheuchzeriaceae – Arrow-Grass Family 7. Alismaceae – Water-Plantain Family 8. Vallisneriaceae – Tape-Grass Family 9. Hydrocharitaceae – Frog's-Bit Family 10. Gramineae – Grass Family 11. Cyperaceae – Sedge Family 12. Araceae – Arum Family 13. Lemnaceae – Duck-Weed Family 14. Mayacaceae – Mayaca Family 15. Xyridaceae – Yellow-Eyed Grass Family 16. Eriocaulaceae – Pipewort Family 17. Bromeliaceae – Pine-Apple Family 18. Commelinaceae – Spiderwort Family 19. Pontederiaceae – Pickerel-Weed Family 20. Juncaceae – Rush Family 21. Melanthaceae – Bunch-Flower Family 22. Liliaceae – Lily Family 23. Convallariaceae – Lily-of-the-Valley Family 24. Trilliaceae – Wake-Robin Family 25. Smilaceae – Smilax Family 26. Haemodoraceae – Bloodwort Family 27. Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllis Family 28. Dioscoreaceae – Yam Family 29. Iridaceae – Iris Family 30. Marantaceae – Arrow-Root Family 31. Burmanniaceae – Burmannia Family 32. Orchidaceae – Orchid Family Dicotyledones (Cotyledons two) Choripetalae (Petals distinct, or none) 1. Saururaceae – Lizard's-Tail Family 2. Juglandaceae – Walnut Family 3. Myricaceae – Bayberry Family 4. Leitneriaceae – Cork-Wood Family 5. Salicaceae – Willow Family 6. Betulaceae – Birch Family 7. Fagaceae – Beech Family 8. Ulmaceae – Elm Family 9. Moraceae – Mulberry Family 10. Cannabinacae – Hemp Family 11. Urticaceae – Nettle Family 12. Loranthaceae – Misletoe Family 13. Santalaceae – Sandalwood Family 14. Aristolochiaceae – Birthwort Family 15. Polygonaceae – Buckwheat Family ———————{ Start of Volume 2. }——————— 16. Amaranthaceae – Amaranth Family 17. Chenopodiaceae – Goosefoot Family 18. Phytolaccaceae – Poke-Weed Family 19. Corrigiolaceae – Whitlowwort Family 20. Nyctaginaceae – Four-O'Clock Family 21. Aizoaceae – Carpet-Weed Family 22. Portulacaceae – Purslane Family 23. Alsinaceae – Chickweed Family 24. Caryophyllaceae – Pink Family 25. Ceratophyllaceae – Hornwort Family 26. Cabombaceae – Water-Shield Family 27. Nelumbonaceae – Sacred-Bean Family 28. Nymphaeaceae – Water-Lily Family 29. Magnoliaceae – Magnolia Family 30. Annonaceae – Custard-Apple Family 31. Ranunculaceae – Crowfoot Family 32. Berberidaceae – Barberry Family 33. Menispermaceae – Moonseed Family 34. Calycanthaceae – Strawberry-Shrub Family 35. Lauraceae – Laurel Family 36. Papaveraceae – Poppy Family 37. Fumariaceae – Fumewort Family 38. Cruciferae – Mustard Family 39. Capparidaceae – Caper Family 40. Resedaceae – Mignonette Family 41. Sarltaceniaceae – Pitcher-Plant Family 42. Droseraceae – Sundew Family 43. Pooostemaceae – River-Weed Family 44. Crassulaceae – Orpine Family 45. Penthoraceae – Virginia Stonecrop Family 46. Parnassiaceae – Grass-Of-Parnassus Family 47. Saxifragaceae – Saxifrage Family 48. Hydrangeaceae – Hydrangea Family 49. Iteaceae – Virginia Willow Family 50. Hamamelidaceae – Witch-Hazel Family 51. Altingiaceae – Altingia Family 52. Grossulariaceae – Gooseberry Family 53. Platanaceae – Plane-Tree Family 54. Rosaceae – Rose Family 55. Malaceae – Apple Family 56. Amygdalaceae – Peach Family 57. Mimosaceae – Mimosa Family 58. Caesalpinaceae – Senna Family 59. Krameriaceae – Krameria Family 60. Fabaceae – Pea Family 61. Geraniaceae – Geranium Family 62. Ooxalidaceae – Wood-Sorrel Family 63. Llinaceae – Flax Family 64. Balsaminaceae – Jewel-Weed Family 65. Limnanthaceae – False Mermaid Family 66. Zygophyllaceae – Caltrop Family 67. Rutaceae – Rue Family 68. Simaroubaceae – Ailanthus Family 69. Polygalaceae – Milkwort Family 70. Euphorbiaceae – Spurge Family 71. Callitrichaceae – Water-Starwort Family 72. Empetraceae – Crowberry Family 73. Buxaceae – Box Family 74. Anacardiaceae – Sumac Family 75. Cyrillaceae – Cyrilla Family 76. Ilicaceae – Holly Family 77. Celastraceae – Staff-Tree Family 78. Staphyleaceae – Bladder-Nut Family 79. Aceraceae – Maple Family 80. Aesculaceae – Buckeye Family 81. Sapindaceae – Soapberry Family 82. Rhamnaceae – Buckthorn Family 83. Vitaceae – Grape Family 84. Tiliaceae – Linden Family 85. Malvaceae – Mallow Family 86. Theaceae – Tea Family 87. Hypericaceae – St. John's-Wort Family 88. Elatinaceae – Water-Wort Family 89. Cistaceae – Rock-Rose Family 90. Violaceae – Violet Family 91. Passifloraceae – Passion-Flower Family 92. Loasaceae – Loasa Family 93. Cactaceae – Cactus Family 94. Thymeleaceae – Mezereon Family 95. Elaeagnaceae – Oleaster Family 96. Lythraceae – Loosestrife Family 97. Melastomaceae – Meadow-Beauty Family 98. Onagraceae – Evening-Primrose Family 99. Trapaceae – Water-Nut Family 100. Haloragidaceae – Water-Milfoil Family 101. Araliaceae – Ginseng Family 102. Ammiaceae – Carrot Family 103. Cornaceae – Dogwood Family Gamopetalae (Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting) 1. Clethraceae – White Alder Family 2. Pyrolaceae – Wintergreen Family 3. Monotropaceae – Indian-Pipe Family 4. Ericaceae – Heath Family 5. Vacciniaceae – Huckleberry Family 6. Diapensiaceae – Diapensia Family 7. Prlmulaceae – Primrose Family 8. Plumbaginaceae – Plumbago Family 9. Sapotaceae – Sapodilla Family 10. Ebenacea – Ebony Family 11. Symplocaceae – Sweet-Leaf Family 12. Styraceae – Storax Family 13. Oleaceae – Olive Family 14. Loganiaceae – Logania Family ———————{ Start of Volume 3. }——————— 15. Gentianaceae – Gentian Family 16. Menyanthaceae – Buckbean Family 17. Apocynaceae – Dogbane Family 18. Asclepiadaceae – Milkweed Family 19. Dichondraceae – Dichondra Family 20. Convolvulaceae – Morning-Glory Family 21. Cuscutaceae – Dodder Family 22. Polemoniaceae – Phlox Family 23. Hydrophyllaceae – Water-Leaf Family 24. Boraginaceae – Borage Family 25. Verbenaceae – Vervain Family 26. Labiatae – Mint Family 27. Solanaceae – Potato Family 28. Scrophulariaceae – Figwort Family 29. Lentibulariaceae – Bladderwort Family 30. Orobanchaceae – Broom-Rape Family 31. Bignoniaceae – Trumpet-Creeper Family 32. Martyniaceae – Unicorn Plant Family 33. Acanthaceae – Acanthus Family 34. Phrymaceae – Lopseed Family 35. Plantaginaceae – Plantain Family 36. Rubiaceae – Madder Family 37. Caprifouaceae – Honeysuckle Family 38. Adoxaceae – Moschatel Family 39. Valerlanaceae – Valerian Family 40. Dipsaceae – Teasel Family 41. Cucurbitaceae – Gourd Family 42. Campanulaceae – Bell-Flower Family 43. Lobeliaceae – Lobelia Family 44. Cichoriaceae – Chicory Family 45. Ambrosiaceae – Ragweed Family 46. Compositae – Thistle Family

Summary.

	Families.	Genera.	Species Figured.
Pteridophyta	11	31	130
Spermatophyta
Gymnospermae	2	10	28
Angiospermae
Monocotyledones	32	251	1261
Dicotyledones
Choripetalae	103	526	1775
Gamopetalae	46	411	1472
Total	194	1229	4666

Symbols Used.

°	is used after figures to indicate feet.
′	is used after figures to indicate inches.
″	is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
′	over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel.
`	over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel.
In the Metric System.
	The metre	= 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.	⎫
	The decimetre	= 3.94 inches.	⎥
	The centimetre	= 2/5 of an inch, or 43/4 lines.	⎬	very nearly
	The millimetre	= 1/25 of an inch, or 1/2 a line.	⎥
	21/9 millimeters	= 1 line.	⎭

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1923. The author died in 1934, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 75 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.