Insects, Their Ways and Means of Living

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Insects: Their Ways and Means of Living
by Robert Evans Snodgrass
Published as part of the Smithsonian Scientific Series
Chapters: Preface, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, Index


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[ page ]

SMITHSONIAN
SCIENTIFIC SERIES


Editor-in-chief
CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT, D.Sc.
Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution






Published by
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES. Inc.
NEW YORK.




[ page ]

Snodgrass Dissosteira carolina.jpg

The Carolina Locust (Dissosteira carolina), a common American grasshopper. (Enlarged about 2½ times)



[ page ]

INSECTS
THEIR WAYS AND MEANS
OF LIVING


By
Robert Evans Snodgrass
United States Bureau of Entomology






VOLUME FIVE
OF THE
SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES
1930



[ page ]

Copyright, 1930, by
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES, Inc.
[Printed in the United States of America]
All rights reserved






Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention
of the Pan-American Republics and the
United States, August 11, 1910



[ page ]

CONTENTS
________

Preface i
I. The Grasshopper 1
II. The Grasshopper's Cousins 26
III. Roaches and Other Ancient Insects 77
IV. Ways and Means of Living 99
V. Termites 125
VI. Plant Lice 152
VII. The Periodical Cicada 182
VIII. Insect Metamorphosis 225
IX. The Caterpillar and the Moth 262
X. Mosquitoes and Flies 314
Index 355




[ page ]

ILLUSTRATIONS
________

LIST OF PLATES


    The Carolina Locust (Frontispiece)
  1. Miscellaneous insects
  2. The Green Apple Aphis
  3. The Rosy Apple Aphis
  4. The Apple-grain Aphis
  5. Nymph of the Periodical Cicada
  6. Newly emerged Cicada
  7. Cicada laying eggs
  8. Egg nests and eggs of the Periodical Cicada
  9. Two species of large moths
  10. The Cecropia Moth and the Polyphemus Moth
  11. The Ribbed-cocoon Maker
  12. The Peach-borer Moth
  13. The Red-humped Caterpillar
  14. The Tent Caterpillar


LIST OF TEXT FIGURES


  1. Young grasshoppers
  2. End structures of a grasshopper's body
  3. Grasshopper laying eggs
  4. Egg-pods of a grasshopper
  5. Eggs of a grasshopper
  6. Young grasshopper emerging from the egg
  7. Eggs of a katydid
  8. A young grasshopper
  9. The growth stages of a grasshopper
  10. A parasitic fly
  11. Blister beetles
  12. A triungulin larva of a blister beetle
  13. Second-stage larva of a blister beetle
  14. Examples of Arthropoda
  15. A "singing" grasshopper
  16. Another"singing" grasshopper
  17. The feet of Orthoptera
  18. Sound-making organs of a meadow grasshopper
[ page ]
  1. Sound-making organs and ears of a conehead katydid
  2. Auditory organ of a katydid
  3. A bush katydid
  4. The oblong-winged katydid
  5. The angular-winged katydid
  6. The true katydid
  7. The katydid in various attitudes
  8. Sound-making organs of the katydid
  9. A conehead katydid
  10. The robust katydid
  11. The common meadow katydid
  12. The handsome meadow katydid
  13. The slender meadow katydid
  14. The Coulee cricket
  15. Wings of a tree cricket
  16. A mole cricket
  17. The striped ground cricket
  18. The common black cricket
  19. The snowy tree cricket
  20. Antennal marks of the tree crickets
  21. The narrow-winged tree cricket
  22. A broad-winged tree cricket
  23. Back glands of a tree cricket
  24. The jumping bush cricket
  25. The common walking-stick insect
  26. A gigantic walking-stick insect
  27. A leaf insect
  28. The praying mantis
  29. A shield-bearing mantis
  30. Egg case ofa mantis
  31. Common household roaches
  32. Egg cases of roaches
  33. Young of the Croton bug
  34. The house centipede
  35. Wings of a cockroach
  36. A Paleozoic forest
  37. Fossil roaches
  38. Early fossil insects
  39. Machilis
  40. Dragonflies
  41. A young dragonfly
  42. A mayfly
  43. A young mayfly
  44. The relation of the germ cells and body cells
  45. External structure of an insect
  46. Leg of a young grasshopper
  47. Legs of a honeybee
[ page ]
  1. Head and mouth parts of a grasshopper
  2. Internal organs of a grasshopper
  3. Alimentary canal of a grasshopper
  4. Heart of an insect
  5. Respiratory system of a caterpillar
  6. The brain of a grasshopper
  7. Nervous system of a grasshopper
  8. Reproductive organs of an insect
  9. Ovipositor of a katydid
  10. Termites
  11. Termite work in a piece of wood
  12. Worker and soldier castes and young of a termite
  13. Heads of termite soldiers
  14. Winged caste of a termite
  15. Short-winged reproductive caste of a termite
  16. A wingless termite queen
  17. Termite king and queen
  18. Wing of an ordinary termite
  19. Wings of a Mastotermes
  20. Section of an underground termite nest
  21. Four types of termite nests
  22. Large termite nest
  23. Group of aphids feeding
  24. How an aphis feeds
  25. Section of the beak of an aphis
  26. Aphis eggs
  27. Aphis eggs just before hatching
  28. Young aphis emerging from the egg
  29. Young aphids on apple buds
  30. Young of three species of apple aphids
  31. Apple leaves infested by green apple aphis
  32. The green apple aphis
  33. The rosy apple aphis on apple
  34. The rosy apple aphis on plantain
  35. Maie and female of the rosy apple aphis
  36. Some common aphids of the garden
  37. A ladybird beetle
  38. The aphis-lion
  39. The golden-eye, Chrysopa
  40. Larva of a syrphus fly feeding on aphids
  41. Adult syrphus flies
  42. A parasitized aphis
  43. An aphis parasite, Aphidius
  44. A female Aphidius inserting an egg in a living aphis
  45. Parasitized aphids on parasite cocoons
  46. A parasitized lady-beetle larva
  47. A common cicada
[ page ]
  1. Young nymph of the periodical cicada
  2. Older nymph of the periodical cicada
  3. Underground cells of the periodical cicada
  4. Fore leg of a cicada nymph
  5. Cicada turrets
  6. Transformation of the cicada
  7. Two forms of tbe periodical cicada
  8. Male of the periodical cicada
  9. The head and beak of a cicada
  10. The sucking organ of a cicada
  11. Section of a cicada's body
  12. Sound-making organs of a cicada
  13. Egg and newly-batched nymph of tbe cicada
  14. Young cicada nymph
  15. Moths of the fall webworm
  16. Tbe celery caterpillar and butterfly
  17. Tbe Luna moth
  18. Life of a cutworm
  19. A maybeetle and its grub
  20. Life stages of a lady-beetle
  21. Life stages of a wasp
  22. A dragonfly nymph
  23. Various habitats of plant-feeding caterpillars
  24. External structure of a caterpillar
  25. Adult and larval forms of beetles
  26. Diagram of insect metamorphosis
  27. Springtails
  28. A bristletail, Thermobia
  29. The relation of a pupa to otber insect forms
  30. Muscle attachment on the body wall
  31. Young tent caterpillars
  32. Eggs and newly-hatched tent caterpillars
  33. First tent of young tent caterpillars
  34. Young tent caterpillars on a sheet of silk
  35. Mature tent caterpillars feeding
  36. Mature tent caterpillars
  37. Twigs denuded by tent caterpillars
  38. A tent caterpillar jumping from a tree
  39. Cocoon of a tent caterpillar
  40. Head of a tent caterpillar
  41. Jaws of a tent caterpillar
  42. Internal organs of a caterpillar
  43. The spinning organs of a caterpillar
  44. Tbe alimentary canal of a tent caterpillar
  45. Crystals formed in tbe Malpighian tubules
  46. The fat-body of a caterpillar
  47. Transformation of tbe tent caterpillar
[ page ]
  1. Contents of the pupal blood
  2. Moths of the tent caterpillar
  3. Head of a tent caterpillar moth
  4. Head of a peach borer moth
  5. Transformation of the alimentary canal
  6. Reproductive organs of a female moth
  7. Young tent caterpillars in the egg
  8. A robber fly
  9. Wings of insects
  10. The black horsefly
  11. Mouth parts of a horsefly
  12. Structure of a fly maggot
  13. Rat-tailed maggots
  14. Larva and pupa of a horsefly
  15. Life stages of a mosquito
  16. Structure of a mosquito larva
  17. Mouth parts of a mosquito
  18. A male mosquito
  19. Mosquito larvae
  20. Mosquito pupae
  21. The female malaria mosquito
  22. Feeding positions of mosquito larvae
  23. Life stages of the house fly
  24. Head and mouth parts of the house fly
  25. Head of the stable fly
  26. A tsetse fly
  27. Head and mouth parts of the tsetse fly



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