Insects, Their Ways and Means of Living

Insects: Their Ways and Means of Living  (1930)  by Robert Evans Snodgrass

Published as part of the Smithsonian Scientific Series Chapters: Preface, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, Index

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SMITHSONIAN
SCIENTIFIC SERIES

Editor-in-chief
CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT, D.Sc.
Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution

Published by
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES. Inc.
NEW YORK.

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The Carolina Locust (Dissosteira carolina), a common American grasshopper. (Enlarged about 2½ times)

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INSECTS
THEIR WAYS AND MEANS
OF LIVING

By
Robert Evans Snodgrass
United States Bureau of Entomology

VOLUME FIVE
OF THE
SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES
1930

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Copyright, 1930, by
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES, Inc.
[Printed in the United States of America]
All rights reserved

Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention
of the Pan-American Republics and the
United States, August 11, 1910

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CONTENTS
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	Preface	i
I.	The Grasshopper	1
II.	The Grasshopper's Cousins	26
III.	Roaches and Other Ancient Insects	77
IV.	Ways and Means of Living	99
V.	Termites	125
VI.	Plant Lice	152
VII.	The Periodical Cicada	182
VIII.	Insect Metamorphosis	225
IX.	The Caterpillar and the Moth	262
X.	Mosquitoes and Flies	314
	Index	355

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ILLUSTRATIONS
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LIST OF PLATES

The Carolina Locust (Frontispiece) Miscellaneous insects The Green Apple Aphis The Rosy Apple Aphis The Apple-grain Aphis Nymph of the Periodical Cicada Newly emerged Cicada Cicada laying eggs Egg nests and eggs of the Periodical Cicada Two species of large moths The Cecropia Moth and the Polyphemus Moth The Ribbed-cocoon Maker The Peach-borer Moth The Red-humped Caterpillar The Tent Caterpillar LIST OF TEXT FIGURES Young grasshoppers End structures of a grasshopper's body Grasshopper laying eggs Egg-pods of a grasshopper Eggs of a grasshopper Young grasshopper emerging from the egg Eggs of a katydid A young grasshopper The growth stages of a grasshopper A parasitic fly Blister beetles A triungulin larva of a blister beetle Second-stage larva of a blister beetle Examples of Arthropoda A "singing" grasshopper Another"singing" grasshopper The feet of Orthoptera Sound-making organs of a meadow grasshopper Sound-making organs and ears of a conehead katydid Auditory organ of a katydid A bush katydid The oblong-winged katydid The angular-winged katydid The true katydid The katydid in various attitudes Sound-making organs of the katydid A conehead katydid The robust katydid The common meadow katydid The handsome meadow katydid The slender meadow katydid The Coulee cricket Wings of a tree cricket A mole cricket The striped ground cricket The common black cricket The snowy tree cricket Antennal marks of the tree crickets The narrow-winged tree cricket A broad-winged tree cricket Back glands of a tree cricket The jumping bush cricket The common walking-stick insect A gigantic walking-stick insect A leaf insect The praying mantis A shield-bearing mantis Egg case ofa mantis Common household roaches Egg cases of roaches Young of the Croton bug The house centipede Wings of a cockroach A Paleozoic forest Fossil roaches Early fossil insects Machilis Dragonflies A young dragonfly A mayfly A young mayfly The relation of the germ cells and body cells External structure of an insect Leg of a young grasshopper Legs of a honeybee Head and mouth parts of a grasshopper Internal organs of a grasshopper Alimentary canal of a grasshopper Heart of an insect Respiratory system of a caterpillar The brain of a grasshopper Nervous system of a grasshopper Reproductive organs of an insect Ovipositor of a katydid Termites Termite work in a piece of wood Worker and soldier castes and young of a termite Heads of termite soldiers Winged caste of a termite Short-winged reproductive caste of a termite A wingless termite queen Termite king and queen Wing of an ordinary termite Wings of a Mastotermes Section of an underground termite nest Four types of termite nests Large termite nest Group of aphids feeding How an aphis feeds Section of the beak of an aphis Aphis eggs Aphis eggs just before hatching Young aphis emerging from the egg Young aphids on apple buds Young of three species of apple aphids Apple leaves infested by green apple aphis The green apple aphis The rosy apple aphis on apple The rosy apple aphis on plantain Maie and female of the rosy apple aphis Some common aphids of the garden A ladybird beetle The aphis-lion The golden-eye, Chrysopa Larva of a syrphus fly feeding on aphids Adult syrphus flies A parasitized aphis An aphis parasite, Aphidius A female Aphidius inserting an egg in a living aphis Parasitized aphids on parasite cocoons A parasitized lady-beetle larva A common cicada Young nymph of the periodical cicada Older nymph of the periodical cicada Underground cells of the periodical cicada Fore leg of a cicada nymph Cicada turrets Transformation of the cicada Two forms of tbe periodical cicada Male of the periodical cicada The head and beak of a cicada The sucking organ of a cicada Section of a cicada's body Sound-making organs of a cicada Egg and newly-batched nymph of tbe cicada Young cicada nymph Moths of the fall webworm Tbe celery caterpillar and butterfly Tbe Luna moth Life of a cutworm A maybeetle and its grub Life stages of a lady-beetle Life stages of a wasp A dragonfly nymph Various habitats of plant-feeding caterpillars External structure of a caterpillar Adult and larval forms of beetles Diagram of insect metamorphosis Springtails A bristletail, Thermobia The relation of a pupa to otber insect forms Muscle attachment on the body wall Young tent caterpillars Eggs and newly-hatched tent caterpillars First tent of young tent caterpillars Young tent caterpillars on a sheet of silk Mature tent caterpillars feeding Mature tent caterpillars Twigs denuded by tent caterpillars A tent caterpillar jumping from a tree Cocoon of a tent caterpillar Head of a tent caterpillar Jaws of a tent caterpillar Internal organs of a caterpillar The spinning organs of a caterpillar Tbe alimentary canal of a tent caterpillar Crystals formed in tbe Malpighian tubules The fat-body of a caterpillar Transformation of tbe tent caterpillar Contents of the pupal blood Moths of the tent caterpillar Head of a tent caterpillar moth Head of a peach borer moth Transformation of the alimentary canal Reproductive organs of a female moth Young tent caterpillars in the egg A robber fly Wings of insects The black horsefly Mouth parts of a horsefly Structure of a fly maggot Rat-tailed maggots Larva and pupa of a horsefly Life stages of a mosquito Structure of a mosquito larva Mouth parts of a mosquito A male mosquito Mosquito larvae Mosquito pupae The female malaria mosquito Feeding positions of mosquito larvae Life stages of the house fly Head and mouth parts of the house fly Head of the stable fly A tsetse fly Head and mouth parts of the tsetse fly

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed. For Class A renewals records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford Copyright Renewal Database and the Rutgers copyright renewal records. For other renewal records of publications between 1922 - 1950 see the Pennsylvania copyright records scans. For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records. The author died in 1962, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 50 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. Works published in 1930 would have had to renew their copyright in either 1957 or 1958, i.e. at least 27 years after it was first published / registered but not later than 31 December(31 December) in the 28th year. As it was not renewed, it entered the public domain on 1 January 1959(1 January 1959).