Maury's New Elements of Geography for Primary and Intermediate Classes/Latitude and Longitude
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.
In measuring the length of your schoolroom you find yards and feet very convenient measures. For measuring the distance from one town to another miles are convenient. But for measuring great distances on the surface of the earth another measure is used called degree.
Let me explain what a degree is. If you should travel round the earth from east to west, you would go in a ring or circle. If you went round it from north to south, and from south to north again, you would also go in a circle.
Such circles are not really drawn on the surface of the earth. We only imagine them, and they are called imaginary circles. They are represented by the lines that you see on the map of the hemispheres, and on other maps. These lines are drawn from north to south, and from east to west. Those drawn from north to south are called meridians. Those from east to west are called parallels.
Every circle is supposed to be made up of 360 equal parts. Each one of the parts is called a degree.
Distance north or south is called latitude. Distance east or west is called longitude.
In measuring all distances, we need, of course, a line or a point from which to reckon.
We measure longitude from the meridian that passes through Greenwich, near London. We reckon it east and west halfway round the earth.
The starting line for measuring latitude is the equator, and, therefore, when we speak of the latitude of a place, we mean that it is so many degrees north or south of the equator.
On page 124 you will see the meridians drawn across the map from north to south. On the top margin find the meridian numbered 0. This is the meridian of Greenwich. All places through which this meridian passes are said to have no longitude. This is only another way of saying that they are neither east of the line nor west of it. The next meridian west of this line of no latitude is marked 10. This number means that all places on this meridian are 10 degrees westward of the Greenwich meridian.
Now look to the east of the Greenwich meridian on map, page 124. You see a number of meridians here also. Each one is 10 degrees from its neighbor. They might be drawn one or two or any number of degrees apart.
Look again on map on page 124, and notice the parallels. They also are drawn 10 degrees apart, though they, too, might be drawn any other number of degrees apart.
Now suppose I should say that a ship had sailed to some islands in the Pacific ocean that are 180 degrees from Greenwich. Looking at the map, you would see that the meridian of 180 passes through two groups of islands, the Fiji and the Aleutian. But here you would be puzzled. How could you tell whether I meant the Aleutian or the Fiji islands. I must tell you the latitude as well as the longitude. If I say a ship sailed to the islands in the Pacific that are 180 degrees westward from Greenwich, and nearly 20 degrees south of the equator, you can find the exact place on the map, and you see that the islands meant are the Fiji islands.
Just so any place whatever may be found, if we know its latitude and longitude.
TOPICAL REVIEW.
Topical Review.—Let pupils write or tell what they know about any one of the following topics:
Direction—Measurement of distance—Maps—Shape of earth—Forms of land and of water—Rotation of earth —Revolution of earth—Zones—Occupations of men— Government—Religion—Races of men—Conditions of society.
Early settlement of North America—Surface of the United States—Occupations in the United States—Great crops of different portions of United States—The great cities (Seaports—Inland—Lake Ports).
The climate of Europe—Products—Manufactures— Exports—Imports. The products of Asia—Its exports —Animals, wild and useful. Climate and products of Africa—Exports, Plants and animals of Australia. Products and exports of Oceania.
SIZE AND POPULATION
SUMMARY. | ||
Length of the earth's axis (miles) | 7,900 | |
Length of the equator" | 24,900 | |
Earth's Surface | (sq. miles) | 196,900,000 |
Pacific Ocean | "" | 71,000,000 |
Atlantic Ocean | "" | 34,000,000 |
Indian Ocean | "" | 28,000,000 |
Antarctic Ocean | "" | 7,500,000 |
Arctic Ocean | "" | 4,000,000 |
The Sea | "" | 144,500,000 |
Area in Sq. Miles. | Population. | |
Asia | 17,056,000 | 909,199,000 |
Africa | 11,612,000 | 142,774,000 |
North America | 9,431,000 | 122,713,000 |
South America | 6,856,000 | 38,625,000 |
Europe | 3,842,000 | 402,125,000 |
Australia, etc. | 3,710,000 | 6,617,000 |
The Land | 52,407,000 | 1,622,053,000 |
ASIA. | ||
Russia in Asia | 6,656,000 | 20,950,000 |
Chinese Empire | 4301,000 | 426,131,000 |
Japanese Empire | 177,000 | 50,006,000 |
Korea | 84,000 | 9,670,000 |
British India, etc. | 1,918,000 | 299,422,000 |
Other British Possessions | 20,000 | 1,012,000 |
Nepal, Bhutan | 73,000 | 3,200,000 |
Portuguese India, etc. | 1,000 | 651,000 |
Siam | 245,000 | 6,320,000 |
Fr. Indo-China, etc. | 256,000 | 15,922,000 |
Afghanistan | 241,000 | 4,550,000 |
Persia | 635,000 | 9,000,000 |
Turkey in Asia | 706,000 | 17,178,000 |
Arabia | 955,000 | 1,950,000 |
East Indies | 788,000 | 43,237,000 |
Total | 17,066,000 | 909,199,000 |
AFRICA. | ||||
Morocco | Including parts of the Sahara |
176,000 | 7,000,000 | |
Algeria | 344,000 | 4,802,000 | ||
Tunis | 65,000 | 1,800,000 | ||
Tripoli | 406,000 | 1,000,000 | ||
Egypt | 248,000 | 11,287,000 | ||
Sahara, remaining part | 2,461,000 | 791,000 | ||
Abyssinia | 312,000 | 8,330,000 | ||
Eritrea | 42,000 | 331,000 | ||
British E. Africa | 433,000 | 4,908,000 | ||
Somaliland, etc. | 214,000 | 603,000 | ||
Sudan | 2,972,000 | 57,675,000 | ||
Belgian Kongo | 927,000 | 19,000,000 | ||
Angola | 491,000 | 3,840,000 | ||
Mozambique | 296,000 | 2,300,000 | ||
Ger. E. Africa | 374,000 | 6,855,000 | ||
Ger. S. W. Africa | 318,000 | 210,000 | ||
The Transvaal | 114,000 | 1,345,000 | ||
Orange Free State | 48,000 | 387,000 | ||
C. of Good Hope | 277,000 | 2,410,000 | ||
Rhodesia | 408,000 | 1,350,000 | ||
Other Br. S. Afr. | 348,000 | 2,503,000 | ||
African Islands | 238,000 | 4,047,000 | ||
Total | 11,512,000 | 142,774,000 | ||
NORTH AMERICA. | ||
Area in Sq. Miles. | Population. | |
Greenl'd and Icel'd | 877,000 | 91,000 |
British America | 3,809,000 | 5,600,000 |
United States | 3,089,000 | 91,972,000 |
Alaska | 591,000 | 65,000 |
Mexico | 767,000 | 13,606,000 |
Central America | 206,000 | 4,422,000 |
West Indies | 92,000 | 6,957,000 |
Total | 9,431,000 | 122,7l3,000 |
SOUTH AMERICA. | ||
Colombia | 466,000 | 3,917,000 |
Venezuela | 364,000 | 2,445,000 |
Guiana, Brit. | 95,000 | 296,000 |
Guiana, Dutch | 50,000 | 87,000 |
Guiana, French | 30,000 | 33,000 |
Brazil | 3,301,000 | 14,334,000 |
Ecuador (incl. Galapagos Islands) | 119,000 | 1,272,000 |
Peru | 439,000 | 4,586,000 |
Bolivia | 442,000 | 1,766,000 |
Chile | 293,000 | 3,255,000 |
Argentina | 1,083,000 | 4,957,000 |
Paraguay | 98,000 | 636,000 |
Uruguay | 69,000 | 1,039,000 |
Islands | 7,000 | 2,000 |
Total | 6,856,000 | 38,625,000 |
EUROPE. | ||
British Possessions | 121,000 | 41,824,000 |
France | 207,000 | 39,273,000 |
Spain | 192,000 | 18,235,000 |
Portugal | 36,000 | 5,424,000 |
Belgium | 11,000 | 6,694,000 |
Netherlands | 13,000 | 5,853,000 |
Denmark | 15,000 | 2,605,000 |
German Empire | 211,000 | 60,888,000 |
Switzerland | 16,000 | 3,325,000 |
Austria-Hungary | 261,000 | 47,153,000 |
Italy | 111,000 | 32,487,000 |
Sweden | 173,000 | 5,136,000 |
Norway | 124,000 | 2,240,000 |
Russia in Europe | 2,113,000 | 109,726,000 |
Turkey in Europe | 65,000 | 5,897,000 |
Bulgaria | 37,000 | 3,744,000 |
Crete | 3,000 | 310,000 |
Roumania | 51,000 | 5,957,000 |
Servia | 19,000 | 2,494,000 |
Montenegro | 4,000 | 228,000 |
Greece and islands | 25,000 | 2,632,000 |
Spitzbergen, etc. | 34,000 | |
Total | 3,842,000 | 402,125,000 |
AUSTRALIA, Etc. | ||
Australia Com. | 2,973,000 | 3,983,000 |
New Zealand | 105,000 | 937,000 |
New Guinea Gr. | 311,000 | 700,000 |
Hawaiian Islands | 6,000 | 192,000 |
Other islands | 61,000 | 805,000 |
South Polar Region | 254,000 | |
Total | 3,710,000 | 6,617,000 |
UNITED STATES. Population according to the Federal Census of 1910. | ||
Sq. Miles. | Population. | |
Alabama | 51,998 | 2,138,093 |
Arizona | 113,956 | 204,354 |
Arkansas | 53,335 | 1,574,449 |
California | 158,297 | 2,377,649 |
Colorado | 103,948 | 799,024 |
Connecticut | 4,965 | 1,114,756 |
Delaware | 2,370 | 202,322 |
District of Columibia | 70 | 331,069 |
Florida | 58,666 | 752,619 |
Georgia | 59,265 | 2,609,121 |
Idaho | 84,313 | 325,594 |
Illinois | 56,665 | 5,638,591 |
Indiana | 36,354 | 2,700,876 |
Iowa | 56,147 | 2,224,771 |
Kansas | 82,158 | 1,690,949 |
Kentucky | 40,598 | 2,289,905 |
Louisiana | 48,506 | 1,656,388 |
Maine | 33,040 | 742,371 |
Maryland | 12,327 | 1,295,346 |
Massachusetts | 8,266 | 3,366,416 |
Michigan | 57,980 | 2,810,173 |
Minnesota | 84,682 | 2,075,708 |
Mississippi | 46,865 | 1,797,114 |
Missouri | 69,420 | 3,293,335 |
Montana | 146,572 | 376,063 |
Nebraska | 77,520 | 1,192,214 |
Nevada | 110,690 | 81,875 |
New Hampshire | 9,341 | 430,572 |
New Jersey | 8,224 | 2,537,167 |
New Mexico | 122,634 | 327,301 |
New York | 49,204 | 9,113,614 |
North Carolina | 52,426 | 2,206,287 |
North Dakota | 70,887 | 577,056 |
Ohio | 41,040 | 4,767,121 |
Oklahoma | 70,057 | 1,657,165 |
Oregon | 96,699 | 672,765 |
Pennsylvania | 45,126 | 7,665,111 |
Rhode Island | 1,248 | 542,610 |
South Carolina | 30,989 | 1,515,400 |
South Dakota | 77,615 | 583,888 |
Tennessee | 42,022 | 2,184,789 |
Texas | 265,896 | 3,896,542 |
Utah | 84,990 | 373,351 |
Vermont | 9,564 | 355,956 |
Virginia | 42,627 | 2,061,612 |
Washington | 69,127 | 1,141,990 |
West Virginia | 24,170 | 1,221,119 |
Wisconsin | 56,066 | 2,333,860 |
Wyoming | 97,914 | 145,965 |
Part Great Lakes | 61,730 | |
Total Main Body | 3,088,519 | 91,972,266 |
Outlying Territory, Etc. | ||
Ter. of Alaska | 590,884 | 64,356 |
Ter. of Hawaii | 6,449 | 191,909 |
Porto Rico | 3,435 | 1,118,012 |
Philippine Is. ('03) | 115,026 | 7,635,426 |
Tutuila, etc. | 77 | (?) 62,423 |
Guam | 210 | |
Canal Zone | 474 | |
Persons in the military and naval service of the U. S. stationed abroad |
55,608 | |
Total Outlying | 716,555 | 9,127,734 |
Grand Total | 3,805,074 | 101,100,000 |
POPULATION OF IMPORTANT CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910.
Akron, Ohio 69,067 Albany, N.Y. 100,253 Atlanta, Ga. 154,839 Augusta, Ga. 41,040 Baltimore, Md. 558,485 Birmingham, Ala. 132,685 Boise, Ida. 17,358 Boston, Mass. 670,585 Bridgeport, Conn. 102,054 Brockton, Mass. 56,878 Buffalo, N.Y. 423,715 Burlington, Vt. 20,468 Butte, Mont. 39,165 Cambridge, Mass. 104,839 Camden, N.J. 94,538 Charleston, S.C. 58,833 Charlotte, N.C. 34,014 Chattanooga, Tenn. 44,604 Chicago, Ill. 2,185,283 Cincinnati, Ohio 364,463 Cleveland, Ohio 560,663 Colorado Springs, Col. 29,078 Columbus, Ohio 181,548 Covington, Ky. 53,270 Dallas, Tex. 92,104 Davenport, Iowa 43,028 Dayton, Ohio 116,577 Denver, Col. 213,381 Des Moines, Iowa 86,368 Detroit, Mich. 465,766 Dubuque, Iowa 38,494
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Duluth, Minn. 78,463 East St. Louis, Ill. 58,547 Elizabeth, N.J. 73,409 Erie, Pa. 66,525 Evansville, Ind. 69,647 Fall River, Mass. 119,295 Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 Galveston, Tex. 36,981 Grand Rapids, Mich. 112,571 Harrisburg, Pa. 64,186 Hartford, Conn. 98,915 Hoboken, N.J. 70,324 Holyoke, Mass. 57,730 Houston, Tex. 78,800 Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 Jackson, Miss. 21,262 Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699 Jersey City, N.J. 267,779 Kansas City, Kan. 82,331 Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346 Lawrence, Mass. 85,892 Lincoln, Neb. 43,973 Little Rock, Ark. 45,941 Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 Louisville, Ky. 223,928 Lowell, Mass. 106,294 Lynn, Mass. 89,336 Macon, Ga. 40,665 Manchester, N.H. 70,063
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Memphis, Tenn. 131,105 Milwaukee, Wis. 373,857 Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408 Mobile, Ala. 51,521 Montgomery, Ala. 38,136 Nashville, Tenn. 110,364 Newark, N.J. 347,469 New Bedford, Mass. 96,652 New Haven, Conn. 133,605 New Orleans, La. 339,075 New York, N.Y. 4,766,883 Norfolk, Va. 67,452 Oakland, Cal. 150,174 Oklahoma, Okla. 64,205 Omaha, Neb. 124,096 Paterson, N.J. 125,600 Peoria, Ill. 66,950 Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008 Pittsburg, Pa. 533,905 Portland, Me. 58,571 Portland, Ore. 207,214 Providence, R.I. 224,326 Pueblo, Col. 44,395 Reading, Pa. 96,071 Richmond, Va. 127,628 Rochester, N.Y. 218,149 Sacramento, Cal. 44,696 Saginaw, Mich. 50,510 St. Joseph, Mo. 77,403 St. Louis, Mo. 687,029 St. Paul, Minn. 214,744
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Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 San Antonio, Tex. 96,614 San Francisco, Cal. 416,912 Savannah, Ga. 65,064 Schenectady, N.Y. 72,826 Scranton, Pa. 129,867 Seattle, Wash. 237,194 Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 Somerville, Mass. 77,236 Spokane, Wash. 104,402 Springfield, Ill. 51,678 Springfield, Mass. 88,926 Superior, Wis. 40,384 Syracuse, N.Y. 137,249 Tacoma, Wash. 82,972 Tampa, Fla. 37,782 Toledo, Ohio 168,497 Topeka, Kan. 43,684 Trenton, N.J. 96,815 Troy, N.Y. 76,813 Utica, N.Y. 74,419 Washington, D.C. 331,069 Waterbury, Conn. 73,141 Wheeling, W.Va. 41,641 Wichita, Kan. 52,450 Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 67,105 Wilmington, Del. 87,411 Wilmington, N.C. 25,748 Worcester, Mass. 145,986 Yonkers, N.Y. 79,803 Youngstown, Ohio 79,066
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POPULATION OF IMPORTANT FOREIGN CITIES.
Latest Census. Alexandria, Egypt 332,000 ('07) Amsterdam, Netherlands 567,000 ('09) Antwerp, Belgium 314,000 ('08) Athens, Greece 168,000 ('07) Bangkok, Siam 400,000 Belfast, Ireland 349,000 ('01) Berlin, Germany 2,040,000 ('05) Birmingham, England 522,000 ('01) Bombay, India 776,000 ('01) Bordeaux, France 252,000 ('06) Brussels, Belgium 638,000 ('08) Bucharest, Roumania 282,000 ('99) Budapest, Austria-Hungary 732,000 ('00) Buenos Aires, Argentina 1,189,000 ('08) Cairo, Egypt 655,000 ('07) Calcutta, India 1,127,000 ('01) Canton, China 900,000 ('04) Cape Town, C. of Good Hope 78,000 ('04) Christiania, Norway 228,000 ('00) Cologne, Germany 429,000 ('05)
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Constantinople, Turkey 1,125,000 Copenhagen, Denmark 427,000 ('07) Dublin, Ireland 291,000 ('01) Edinburgh, Scotland 317,000 ('01) Glasgow, Scotland 736,000 ('01) Hague, Netherlands 273,000 ('09) Hamburg, Germany 803,000 ('05 Havana, Cuba 297,000 ('07) Hongkong, Asia 320,000 ('06) Johannesburg, Transvaal 159,000 ('04) Lisbon, Portugal 356,000 ('00) Liverpool, England 685,000 ('01) London, England 6,581,000 ('01) Lyons, France 472,000 ('06) Madras, India 509,000 ('01) Madrid, Spain 540,000 ('00) Manchester, England 544,000 ('01) Marseilles, France 518,000 ('06) Melbourne, Victoria 496,000 ('01) Mexico, Mexico 345,000 ('00) Milan, Italy 493,000 ('01)
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Montreal, Canada 268,000 ('01) Moscow, Russia 989,000 ('97) Naples, Italy 564,000 ('01) Odessa, Russia 405,000 ('97) Paris, France 2,763,000 ('06) Peking, China 1,000,000 Quebec, Canada 69,000 ('01) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 811,000 ('06) Rome, Italy 463,000 ('01) St. Petersburg, Russia 1,267,000 ('97) Santiago, Chile 408,000 ('07) Shanghai, China 651,000 ('04) Stockholm, Sweden 301,000 ('00) Sydney, New South Wales 482,000 ('01) Tashkend, Rus. Turkestan 157,000 ('97) Teheran, Persia 280,000 Tokyo, Japan 2,186,000 ('08) Venice, Italy 152,000 ('01) Vienna, Austria-Hungary 1,675,000 ('00) Yokohama, Japan 394,000 ('08) Zurich, Switzerland 150,000 ('00)
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MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. | RIVERS AND THEIR BASINS. |
Av. Elev. Feet. Mount Everest 29,000 Himalaya Mountains 19,000 Andes Mountains 13,000 Caucasus Mountains 10,000 Rocky Mountains 10,000 Atlas Mountains 9,000 Alps Mountains 8,500 East Australian Mountains 5,000 Appalachian Mountains 2,500 Plateau of Tibet 15,000 Plateau of Bolivia 12,500 Rocky Mountain highland— in the United States 5,000 in Mexico 7,500 Abyssinian highland 6,500 Plateau of Iran 5,000 Desert of Gobi 3,500 Plateau of Guiana 2,000 Brazilian plateau 2,000
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Area of Basin, Sq. Mi. Mi. Long. Amazon, S. America 2,320,0003,400 Amur, Asia 780,0002,700 Arkansas, U.S. 189,0002,000 Colorado, U.S. 230,0001,000 Columbia, N. America 290,0001,400 Danube, Europe 320,0001,800 Dnieper, Russia 197,0001,300 Don, Russia 170,0001,100 Euphrates, Asia 490,0002,000 Ganges, India 600,0001,800 Hoang, Chinese Empire 390,0002,800 Hudson, U.S. 13,000300 Indus, Asia 360,0001,900 Kongo, Africa 1,500,0002,800 Lena, Siberia 900,0002,800 Loire, France 47,000600 Mackenzie, Canada 680,0002,100 Mekong, Asia 280,0002,600 Mississippi-Missouri, U.S. 1,250,0004,200
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Area of Basin, Sq. Mi. Mi. Long. Mississippi proper 1,250,0002,600 Missouri 627,0002,900 Nelson-Saskatchewan, Can. 470,0001,900 Niger, Africa 1,000,0002,900 Nile, Africa 1,300,0003,900 Ob, Asia 1,100,0003,000 Ohio, U.S. 202,0001,260 Orange, Africa 270,0001,200 Orinoco, S. America 425,0001,500 Plata, S. America 1,150,0002,500 Rhine, Europe 87,000810 Rio Grande, N. America 230,0001,800 St. Lawrence, N. America 565,0002,100 São Francisco, Brazil 210,0001,800 Volga, Russia 590,0002,300 Yangtze, Chin. Empire 690,0003,100 Yenisei, Asia 1,500,0003,000 Yukon, N. America 380,0002,000 Zambezi, Africa 580,0001,600
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