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2. New Imperatives for International Cooperation
18. National boundaries have become so porous that traditional distinctions between local, national, and international issues have become blurred. Policies formerly considered to be exclusively matters of 'national concern' now have an impact on the ecological base of other nations' development and survival. Conversely, the growing reach of some nations' policies – economic, trade, monetary, and most sectoral policies – into the 'sovereign' territory of other nations limits the affected nations' options in devising national solutions to their 'own' problems. This fast-changing context for national action has introduced new imperatives and new opportunities for international cooperation,
19. The international legal framework must also be significantly strengthened in support of sustainable development. Although international law related to environment has evolved rapidly since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, major gaps and deficiencies must still be overcome as part of the transition to sustainable development. Much of the evidence and conclusions presented in earlier chapters of this report calls into question not just the desirability but even the feasibility of maintaining an international system that cannot prevent one or several states from damaging the ecological basis for development and even the prospects for survival of any other or even all other states.
20. However, just at the time when nations need increased international cooperation, the will to cooperate has sharply declined. By the mid-1980s, multilateral institutions were under siege for many, and often contradictory, reasons. The UN system has come under increasing attack for either proposing to do too much or, more frequently, for apparently doing too little. Conflicting national interests have blocked significant institutional reforms and have increased the need for fundamental change.[1] By the mid-1980s, funds for many international organizations had levelled off or declined in both relative arid absolute terms.
21. Bilateral development assistance has declined as a percentage of GNP in many industrial countries, falling even further below the targets proposed in the early 1970s.[2] The benefits and effectiveness of aid have come under serious question. in part because of criticism based on environmental considerations.[3] Yet, sustainable development creates the need for even greater international aid and cooperation.
22. Nations must now confront a growing number, frequency, and scale of crises. A major reorientation is needed in many policies and institutional arrangements at the international as well as national level. The time has come to break away. Dismal scenarios of mounting destruction of national and global potential for,development – indeed. of the Earth's capacity to
support life – are not inescapable destiny. One of the most hopeful characteristics of the changes the world is racing through is that invariable they reflect great opportunities for
- ↑ R. Bertrand, 'Some Reflections on Reform of the United Nations'. Joint Inspection Unit, UN, Geneva, 1985.
- ↑ V. Fernando, 'Development Assistance. Environment and Development. paper prepared for WCED, Geneva, 1985.
- ↑ 'List of Projects with Possible Environmental Issues' transmitted to Congress by U.S. Agency for International Development. 1987, as included in Public Law: 99-591.
