JAMES 230 JAMES State Normal School and at Northwest- ern and Harvard Universities. He also studied in Germany. For several years he acted as principal of high schools in several cities in Hlinois. From 1883 to 1895 he was professor of public fi- nance and administration in the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, at the University of Pennsylvania. At the same time he held the chair of political and social science in that university. From 1896 to 1901 he was professor of public administration and director of the extension division at the University of Chicago. He was elected president of Northwestern University in 1902 and of the University of Illinois in 1904. From 1889 to 1901 he was president of the American Academy of Political and So- cial Science, and from 1891 to 1895 was president of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. He wrote much on educational and economic subjects. The most important of his works are "The Federal Constitu- tion of Germany" (1890) ; "The Educa- tion of Business Men in Europe" (1899) ; "Growth of Great Cities" (1900). JAMES, FRANCIS EDWARD STUART; born in 1688, known as Chevalier de St. George, or the Old Pretender, was the son of James II., by his second wife, Mary d'Este. In 1708 he sailed from Dunkirk with a French fleet for the invasion of Scot- land, but the vigilance of the English admiral, Sir George Byng, prevented the execution of the plan, and the prince returned to France. In 1715 a rebellion in his favor, headed by the Earl of Mar, broke out in Scotland. In Decem- ber, the Pretender himself arrived at Peterhead, assumed royal state, formed a council, and made a progress through the country, but the case was hopeless, and he was glad to escape to Gravelines. In 1719 the prince married Maria Clem- entina, daughter of the King of Poland, by whom he had two sons, Charles Ed- ward, the Young Pretender, and Henry, Cardinal of York. Maria Clementina died in 1735. Disaffection and restless- ness continued in Great Britain and showed themselves from time to time in overt acts, and in 1745 another Jacobite rebellion broke out in Scotland, Prince Charles Edward landing there, and get- ting his father proclaimed once more. This struggle ended with the defeat of the Jacobites at Culloden by the Duke of Cumberland, 1746. The Pretender died in Rome, where he had lived for many years, in 1765. JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINS- FORD, an English novelist; born in Lon- don, England, in 1801. While still very young he manifested a considerable turn for literary composition, and produced, in 1822, a "Life of Edward the Black Prince." His first novel, "Richelieu," was published in 1829. Its success de- termined him to continue fiction writing and he produced over 60 novels and his- tories in rapid succession. Among them are "De L'Orme"; "Life of Charle- magne"; "Darnley"; "Henry Master- ton"; "Mary of Burgundy"; "The Gipsy"; "History of Chivalry." Later he accepted the office of British consul, first at Richmond, Va., and afterward at Venice, where he died in 1860. JAMES, GEORGE WHARTON, an American ethnologist; born in Gainsbor- ough, England, Sept. 27, 1858; devoted himself to researches in geology, archaeology, and ethnology in California, Nevada, and other Western States. He was the author of "The Lick Observa- tory" (1888) ; "The Missions and Mission Indians of California"; "In and Around the Grand Canyon" (1900); "Indian Basketry" (1900) : "Reclaiming the Arid West" (1916) ; "The House Blessing and Guest Book" (1918). JAMES, HENRY, an American novelist and essayist; born in New York, April 15, 1843. He was educated in henry JAMES France and Switzerland and at Harvard Law School. After 1869 he made his home in England. His works include: '"Transatlantic Sketches" (1875); "A
