LOWELL 26 LOWER AUSTRIA institutions af learning in the United States and received degrees from leading colleges at home and abroad. In addition to numerous smaller works and essays, President Lowell published in A. LAWRENCE LOWELL 1898 (revised 1914) "Governments and Parties of Continental Europe" and in 1908 "The Government of England. They constitute as a whole the most pro- found studies of European government yet made by an American and his "Gov- ernment of England" is aptly compared with the great work of Bryce on the American government. LOWELL, AMY, American poet; bora in Brookline, Mass., in 1874, she was educated in private schools, and brought out her first volume, "A Dome of Many- Colored Glass," in 1912. Two years later appeared "Sword Blades and Poppy Seed," and these were followed by "Six French Poets" (1915); "Men, Women, and Ghosts" in free verse (1916); and "Tendencies in Modern American Po- etry" (1917). Is member of the Poetry Society of America, and N. E. Poetry Club. LOWELL, FRANCIS CABOT, an American merchant, son of John Lowell (1743-1802) ; born in Newburyport, Mass., April 7, 1775. He acquired celeb- rity as being the first to establish the cotton manufacture in the United States, and, also, as the founder of the town which bears his name, and which has since become the chief seat of textile manufactures in this country. He died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 2, 1817. LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, an American author; born in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1819; was graduated at Hai'vard College in 1838. In January, 1855, he succeeded Henry W. Longfellow as Professor of Modern Languages in Harvard College. He became a high authority in old French and Provengal poetry, was the first editor of the "At- lantic Monthly" (1857), and joint editor with Prof. Charles Eliot Norton of the "North American Review" in 1863-1872. He was United States minister to Spain in 1877-1880 and to Great Britain in 1880-1885. During his residence in Lon- don he was elected Lord Rector of St. Andrew's University in Edinburgh. Hi§ works include: "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets" (1845); "Poems" (1848); "The Biglow Papers" (1848); "Life of Keats" (1854); "Poetical Works" (2 vols. 1858) ; "The President's Policy" (1864); "Ode recited at the Commemoration of the Living and Dead Soldiers of Harvard University" (1865) ; "Democracy and other Addresses" (1887) ; etc. He died in Cambridgje, Mass., Aug. 12, 1891. LOWELL, PERCIVAL, an American author and astronomer; born in Boston, Mass., March 13, 1855. He was gradu- ated from Harvard in 1876, and spent some time in Japan and Korea. He established the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1894. Among his works are: "Choson, a Sketch of Corea" (1886) ; "The Soul of the Far East" (1888) ; "Mars" (1895) ; "Annals of the Lowell Observatory" (1898-1900) ; "Mars and Its Canals" (1906) ; "Mars as the Abode of Life" (1908) ; "The Evolution of Worlds" (1909). Died in 1916. LOWELL INSTITUTE, an institution founded by John Lowell who in 1836 left $250,000 for the maintenance and support of public lectures upon philos-. ophy, natural history, and the arts and sciences. Edward Everett delivered the first lectui'e in 1839 and since that time various prominent men have continued them. The institute now conducts classes for workingmen, as well as special classes in drawing and science for teachers. The general management is under the control of one trustee, who by the terms of the will must be of the Lowell family. A. Lawrence Lowell is at present trustee. LOWER AUSTRIA, formerly a crown- land of Austria, in the eastern part of the Archduchy of Austria, and now part
