LUCIUS 31 LUDENDORFF appears in the morning before sunrise. Also a name commonly, though inap- propriately, given to the prince of dark- ness; Satan. Also a term originally ap- plied to matches tipped with a mixture of chlorate of potash and sulphuret of antimony, which were inflamed by fric- tion on a piece of emery paper._ These have been superseded by a variety of mixtures containing phosphorus. In ornithology, a humming bird of Mexico and the S. W. of the United States. It has a forked tail and its throat feathers form a ruff. LUCIUS II., Pope, succeeded Celes- tine II. in 1144, led out his troops to suppress a disturbance, and was killed by a paving-stone, in 1145. LUCIUS III., Pope (1181-1185). He was the first Pope elected solely by the cardinals, in consequence of which his reign was very turbulent. He died an exile in Verona in 1185. LUCKNOW (luk'nou), a city of Hin- dustan, capital of the former kingdom of Oude, on the Gumti, a tributary of the Ganges, 150 miles N. W. of Benares, and 265 S. E. of Delhi. It is divided into three parts : The first is the city proper, containing the shops and private dwellings of the inhabitants, the streets very narrow and sunk below the level of the houses, and very filthy. The second is near the Gumti toward the S. E. The third quarter adjoins the Gumti on the N. W. and consists chiefly of religious buildings, the styles of which are more purely Oriental. Lucknow is remarkable for the defense made by 300 British soldiers while besieged in the residency of the city for four months in 1857 during the Sepoy rebellion. Pop. about 260,000. LUCRETIA, the wife of L. Tarquinius Collatinus, famous for her heroic virtue. She was shamefully outraged by Sextus Tarquinius, whereupon she summoned her husband and a group of friends, and, after making them take a solemn oath to drive out the hated race of Tarquins from the city, plunged a knife into her heart. Of the poetic elaborations of the story the most famous is the "Rape of Lucrece" of Shakespeare's youth. LUCRETIUS, TITUS CARUS, one of the greatest Roman poets; born in Rome, probably about 96 B. c. He was author of the poem entitled "De Rerum Natura" (On the Nature of Things), in which ■he explains the atomic theory of Leu- cippus, and the moral and religious doctrines of the philosophy of Epicurus. He died Oct. 15. 55 B. C LUCULLUS, LUCIUS LICINIUS, a Roman consul and commander, celebrated for his military talents and luxurious style of living; born about 115 B. C. He first distinguished himself in the Social War, and afterward defeated Hamilcar in two naval battles. In 74 B. C. he ob- tained the consulship and the command of the expedition against Mithridates. In 71 B. C. he finally broke up the hostile, army, and Mithridates himself sought protection in Armenia, where Tigranes refusing to surrender him to the Romans, Lucullus attacked that monarch, and completely subdued him. On an occasion of a mutiny of his soldiers, he was de- prived of the chief command, and re- called. From this time, Lucullus re- mained a private individual, spending in magnificent feasts, splendid gardens, parks, and fish-ponds, and all kinds of luxurious indulgence, the immense riches which he had brought with him from Asia. He died about 57 B. C. LUDENDORFF, ERICH VON, Ger- man military leader, born in Prussian Poland, 1865; graduated from the Im- perial Military Academy, in 1895, and FIELD-MARSHAL VON LUDENDORFF was soon after attached to the General Staff, in Berlin. He rapidly won pro- motion through his zeal for military efficiency. In 1912 he was at the head of a department of the General Staff, with the rank of Colonel. When the war broke out, in 1914, he held the rank of Major-General and was practically head of the German military organiza- tion. It was he who recalled Hinden-
