in himself the qualities of a good naturalist, artist, and man of business. He was stern and somewhat brusque in manner, straightforward and exact, but always kindly in word and act. His Australian mammals, containing more than five thousand skins, and his collection of Humming birds were secured for the British Museum of Natural History (South Kensington), the birds for 3,000l.; his Australian birds were previously sold to Dr. Wilson of Philadelphia (who gave them to the Academy of Natural Sciences of that city), though they had been offered to the British Museum for 1,000l., which was far below their value.
Gould published: 1. ‘A Century of Birds from the Himalayan Mountains,’ 80 plates, 1832. 2. ‘The Birds of Europe,’ 1832–7, 5 vols. folio, 449 plates. 3. ‘A Monograph of the Rhamphastidæ (Toucans),’ 1834, 34 plates; 2nd edition 1854, 52 plates. 4. ‘Synopsis of the Birds of Australia and the adjacent Islands,’ 1837–8, 72 plates. 5. ‘Icones Avium,’ 1837–8, 18 plates. 6. ‘Monograph of the Trogons,’ 1838, 36 plates; 2nd edition, 1858–75, 47 plates; German translation, Nuremberg, 1841–8. 7. ‘The Birds of Australia,’ 1840–8, 601 plates, 7 vols. folio; introduction, 8vo, 1848; supplemental volume, 1851–69, 81 plates. 8. ‘The Birds collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle,’ 4to, 1841. 9. ‘Monograph of the American Partridges (Odontophorinæ),’ 1844–50, 32 plates. 10. ‘The Birds collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,’ 4to, 1844. 11. ‘Monograph of the Macropodidæ (Kangaroos),’ 1844, 45 plates. 12. ‘Monograph of the Trochilidæ (Humming Birds),’ 1849–61, 360 plates; octavo introduction, 1861; supplement, completed by R. Bowdler Sharpe and Osbert Salvin, 1885–7, 58 plates. 13. ‘The Birds of Asia,’ 1850–80, 497 plates; completed by R. Bowdler Sharpe, 1886, 33 plates. 14. ‘The Birds of Great Britain,’ 1862–73, 5 vols., 367 plates; introduction, 8vo, 1873. 15. ‘The Mammals of Australia,’ 1845–63, 3 vols. folio, 182 plates; octavo introduction, 1863. 16. ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ 2 vols. 8vo, 1865. 17. ‘The Birds of New Guinea and the adjacent Papuan Islands,’ 1875–80, 141 plates; completed by R. Bowdler Sharpe, 1888, 179 plates. 18. ‘Monograph of the Pittidæ or Ant-Thrushes of the Old World,’ 1880, pt. i. 15 plates.
[Nature, xxiii. 364–5, 491; Zoologist, 3rd ser. (1881), v. 109–15, by J. E. Harting; Proceedings of the Royal Society, xxxiii. xvii–xix, by P. L. Sclater; Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 1881, pp. 17, 18; Westminster Review, 1841.]
GOULD, ROBERT (d. 1709?), poet, was originally a servant of Charles, earl of Dorset and Middlesex. He contrived to obtain some education, and in 1680 wrote ‘Love given over, or a Satyr against Woman,’ which became popular. His ‘Presbytery rough-drawn, a Satyr. In contemplation of the late Rebellion,’ 4to, London, followed in 1683. In 1689, being then under thirty, he published a volume of ‘Poems chiefly consisting of Satyrs and Satyrical Epistles,’ 8vo, London (2nd edit., 1697), hoping by its sale to realise sufficient to set up in business. In this he was disappointed, and in deep distress found a friend in James, earl of Abingdon, who employed him at his country seat at Rycote in Oxfordshire. His next publications were: ‘The Corruption of the Times by Money, a Satyr,’ 4to, London, 1693, and ‘A Poem most humbly offered to the Memory of … Queen Mary,’ fol., London, 1695. A more ambitious attempt was a tragedy entitled: ‘The Rival Sisters, or the Violence of Love,’ 4to, London, 1696, the plot of which is in great measure borrowed from Shirley's ‘Maid's Revenge.’ It was acted with some success at Drury Lane Theatre, D'Urfey supplying both prologue and epilogue. After Gould's death in 1708 or 1709 his widow, Martha, issued an edition of his ‘Works,’ 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1709. Another of his tragedies called ‘Innocence Distress'd, or the Royal Penitents,’ 8vo, London, 1737, was published by subscription for the benefit of his daughter, Hannah Gould.
[Gould's Works; Baker's Biog. Dram. (Reed & Jones), i. 293, ii. 325–6, iii. 212.]
GOULD, THOMAS (1657–1734), controversialist, born at Cork in 1657, went to France about 1678, and settled at Poitiers, where he studied theology. After being ordained priest he was sent to Thouars in Poitou and appointed almoner to the Ursuline nuns of that village. He soon devoted himself to the special work of converting protestants, and obtained from the court a license as ‘missionnaire pour le Poitou.’ He achieved great success, and, as his biographer admits, ‘when the obstinacy of parents was a hindrance to the return of their children to the bosom of the church, he gave notice of the circumstance to the court, which seconded his labours by special orders.’ These labours were rewarded by the grant from the king of two pensions, one of three hundred and the other of six hundred livres; and he also obtained the abbey of Saint-Laon de Thouars of the order of St. Augustine. He died at Thouars in September 1734.
Of his controversial writings the principal
