of lieutenant-colonel, and on the 20th of December was nominated governor of Upper Senegal. He obtained several successes against Ahmadu in 1887, and compelled Samory to agree to a treaty by which he abandoned the left bank of the Niger (see Senegal: History). In connexion with his service in West Africa, Gallieni published two works—Mission d’exploration du Haut-Niger, 1879–1881 (Paris, 1885), and Deux Campagnes au Sudan français (Paris, 1891)—which, besides possessing great narrative interest, give information of considerable value in regard to the resources and topography of the country. In 1888 Gallieni was made an officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1891 he attained the rank of colonel, and from 1893 to 1895 he served in Tongking, commanding the second military division of the territory. In 1899 he published his experiences in Trois Colonnes au Tonkin. In 1896 Madagascar was made a French colony, and Gallieni was appointed resident-general (a title changed in 1897 to governor-general) and commander-in-chief. Under the weak administration of his predecessor a widespread revolt had broken out against the French. By a vigorous military system Gallieni succeeded in completing the subjugation of the island. He also turned his attention to the destruction of the political supremacy of the Hovas and the restoration of the autonomy of the other tribes. The execution of the queen’s uncle, Ratsimamanga, and of Rainandrianampandry, the minister of the interior, in October 1896, and the exile of Queen Ranavalo III. herself in 1897, on the charge of fomenting rebellion, broke up the Hova hegemony, and made an end of Hova intrigues against French rule. The task of government was one of considerable difficulty. The application of the French customs and other like measures, disastrous to British and American trade, were matters for which Gallieni was not wholly responsible. His policy was directed to the development of the economic resources of the island and was conciliatory towards the non-French European population. He also secured for the Protestants religious liberty. In 1899 he published a Rapport d’ensemble sur la situation générale de Madagascar. In 1905, when he resigned the governorship, Madagascar enjoyed peace and a considerable measure of prosperity. In 1906 General Gallieni was appointed to command the XIV. army corps and military government of Lyons. He reviewed the results of his Madagascar administration in a book entitled Neuf Ans à Madagascar (Paris, 1908).
GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS EGNATIUS, Roman emperor
from A.D. 260 to 268, son of the emperor Valerian, was born about
218. From 253 to 260 he reigned conjointly with his father,
during which time he gave proof of military ability and bravery.
But when his father was taken prisoner by Shapur I. of Persia, in
260, Gallienus made no effort to obtain his release, or to withstand
the incursions of the invaders who threatened the empire
from all sides. He occupied part of his time in dabbling in
literature, science and various trifling arts, but gave himself up
chiefly to excess and debauchery. He deprived the senators of
their military and provincial commands, which were transferred
to equites. During his reign the empire was ravaged by a fearful
pestilence; and the chief cities of Greece were sacked by the
Goths, who descended on the Greek coast with a fleet of five
hundred. His generals rebelled against him in almost every
province of the empire, and this period of Roman history came
to be called the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. Nevertheless,
these usurpers probably saved the empire at the time, by maintaining
order and repelling the attacks of the barbarians.
Gallienus was killed at Mediolanum by his own soldiers while
besieging Aureolus, who was proclaimed emperor by the Illyrian
legions. His sons Valerianus and Saloninus predeceased him.
Life by Trebellius Pollio in Script. Hist. Aug.; on coins see articles in Numism. Zeit. (1908) and Riv. ital. d. num. (1908).
GALLIFFET, GASTON ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE, Marquis
de, Prince de Martignes (1830–1909), French general, was born
in Paris on the 23rd of January 1830. He entered the army in
1848, was commissioned as sub-lieutenant in 1853, and served
with distinction at the siege of Sevastopol in 1855, in the Italian
campaign of 1859, and in Algeria in 1860, after which for a time he
served on the personal staff of the emperor Napoleon III. He
displayed great gallantry as a captain at the siege and storm of
Puebla, in Mexico, in 1863, when he was severely wounded.
When he returned to France to recover from his wounds he was
entrusted with the task of presenting the captured standards and
colours to the emperor, and was promoted chef d’escadrons. He
went again to Algeria in 1864, took part in expeditions against
the Arabs, returned to Mexico as lieutenant-colonel, and, after
winning further distinction, became in 1867 colonel of the 3rd
Chasseurs d’Afrique. In the Franco-German War of 1870–71
he commanded this regiment in the army of the Rhine, until
promoted to be general of brigade on the 30th of August. At
the battle of Sedan he led the brigade of Chasseurs d’Afrique in
the heroic charge of General Margueritte’s cavalry division,
which extorted the admiration of the old king of Prussia. Made
prisoner of war at the capitulation, he returned to France during
the siege of Paris by the French army of Versailles, and commanded
a brigade against the Communists. In the suppression
of the Commune he did his duty rigorously and inflexibly, and on
that ground earned a reputation for severity, which, throughout
his later career, and in all his efforts to improve the French army,
made him the object of unceasing attacks in the press and the
chamber of deputies. In 1872 he took command of the Batna
subdivision of Algeria, and commanded an expedition against El
Golea, surmounting great difficulties in a rapid march across the
desert, and inflicting severe chastisement on the revolted tribes.
On the general reorganization of the army he commanded the
31st infantry brigade. Promoted general of division in 1875, he
successively commanded the 15th infantry division at Dijon, the
IX. army corps at Tours, and in 1882 the XII. army corps at
Limoges. In 1885 he became a member of the Conseil Supérieur
de la Guerre. He conducted the cavalry manœuvres in successive
years, and attained a European reputation on all cavalry
questions, and, indeed, as an army commander. Decorated with
the grand cross of the Legion of Honour in 1887, he received the
military medal for his able conduct of the autumn manœuvres in
1891, and after again commanding at the manœuvres of 1894 he
retired from the active list. Afterwards he took an important
part in French politics, as war minister (22nd of June 1899 to
29th of May 1900) in M. Waldeck-Rousseau’s cabinet, and
distinguished himself by the firmness with which he dealt with
cases of unrest in the army, but he then retired into private life,
and died on the 8th of July 1909.
GALLIO, JUNIUS ANNAEUS (originally Lucius Annaeus Novatus),
son of the rhetorician L. Annaeus Seneca and the
elder brother of L. Annaeus Seneca the philosopher, was born
at Corduba (Cordova) about the beginning of the Christian era.
At Rome he was adopted by L. Junius Gallio, a rhetorician of
some repute, from whom he took the name of Junius Gallio. His
brother Seneca, who dedicated to him the treatises De Ira and
De Vita Beata, speaks of the charm of his disposition, also alluded
to by the poet Statius (Silvae, ii. 7, 32). It is probable that he was
banished to Corsica with his brother, and that both returned
together to Rome when Agrippina selected Seneca to be tutor to
Nero. Towards the close of the reign of Claudius, Gallio was
proconsul of the newly constituted senatorial province of Achaea,
but seems to have been compelled by ill-health to resign the post
within a few years. During his tenure of office (in 53) he dismissed
the charge brought by the Jews against the apostle Paul
(Acts xviii.). His behaviour on this occasion (“But Gallio
cared for none of these things”) shows the impartial attitude of
the Roman officials towards Christianity in its early days. He
survived his brother Seneca, but was subsequently put to death
by order of Nero (in 65) or committed suicide.
Tacitus, Annals, xv. 73; Dio Cassius lx. 35, lxii. 25; Sir W. M. Ramsay, St Paul the Traveller, pp. 257-261; art. in Hastings’ Dict. of the Bible (H. Cowan). An interesting reconstruction is given by Anatole France in Sur la pierre blanche.
GALLIPOLI (anc. Callipolis), a seaport town and episcopal see
of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Lecce, 31 m. S. by W. of it by
rail, 46 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) town, 10,399; commune,
13,459. It is situated on a rocky island in the Gulf of
Taranto, but is united to the mainland by a bridge, protected by
