L I P L I P 683 acid, and sulphur from the numerous products which line the sides and cover the floor of the crater. A number of volcanic minerals have been obtained from Vulcano ; the most remarkable perhaps was that lately analysed by Professor Cossa of Turin, which was found to contain seven non-metallic elements and eight metals, among them the rare bodies thallium, ciesium, and rubidium. The highest point of Vulcano a portion of the old crater ring has an altitude of 1601 feet, A little more than 20 miles to the north-north-east of Lipari, the cone of Stromboli rises from the sea to a height of 3022 feet. It is of special interest to the vulcanologist from the fact that it is the only example in Europe of a volcano in a state of constant activity, and also because, from an elevated point above the crater (which is at the side of the cone below the summit), it is possible, when the wind blows away from the observer, to sit for hours and watch the operations going on within the crater. Such observations, carried out in 1788 by Spallanzani, made him the father of modern vulcanology, and furnished some of the most important data upon which the science is founded. The mountain is mentioned as early as the 4th century B.C. Between Stromboli and Lipari there is a group of islets represent ing portions of the crater ring of a great volcano, the largest of which, Panaria (Hicesia), is 7 miles in circuit, and contains about 200 inhabitants. It produces wheat, oil, and wine. Salina (Didymc), 3 miles to the north-west of Lipari, has an area of 10 square miles, and consists of two volcanic cones rising respectively to the height of 3156 and 2821 feet. The island contains nearly 5000 inhabitants, who are mainly employed in cultivating the vines, which produce a fine malmsey wine. The cone of Filicudi rises to a height of 2598 feet, some 10 miles to the west of Salina, while at an equal distance further west is Alicudi, the most westerly mem ber of the Lipari group. It is partly cultivated, and is inhabited by about 500 fishermen and shepherds. Good maps of the Lipari Islands have been published by the Italian Government. The best general account of the islands is still that of Admiral Smyth (Sicily and its Islands, 1824), while Professor J. W. Judd has exhaustively discussed their geology in the pages of the Geological Magazine for 1875. (G. F. R.) LIPETSK, a district town of Russia, in the government of Tamboff, 95 miles west of the chief town of the govern ment, and 23 miles north-west of Gryazi railway junction, at the confluence of Lyesnoy Voronesh and Lipovka rivers. The town is built of wood, and the streets are unpaved, but it is a commercial centre of some importance. There are several beetroot-sugar and leather works, tallow-melting houses, and distilleries. There is a brisk business at the weekly fairs, and the merchants carry on active trade in horses, cattle, tallow, skins, and honey, sent by rail to the northern provinces, and in timber, shipped down to the province of the Don Cossacks. The Lipetsk mineral springs came into repute in the time of Peter L, who caused them to be surrounded by galleries, and laid down three gardens ; they continue to attract visitors during the summer. Lipetsk received municipal institutions in 1779. Population 14,500. LIPPE is the name of a territory in north-western Germany, now divided into two small sovereign principali ties, but formerly united under the same ruler. The name is derived from the river Lippe, which rises in the Teuto- burgian Forest, and flows into the Rhine at Wesel. I. LUTE proper, also called LIPPE-DETMOLD, is bounded on three sides by the Prussian province of Westphalia, and on the E. and N.E. by Hanover, Pyrmont, and Hesse-Cassel. It also possesses three small enclaves in Westphalia. Its area is about 450 square miles. The greater part of the surface is mountainous, especially towards the south, where it is intersected by the Teuto- burgian Forest. The chief rivers are the Weser, which crosses the north extremity of the principality, and its affluents the Werre, Exter, Kalle, and Emmer. The forests of Lippe are among the finest in Germany, and produce abundance of excellent timber. The valleys con tain a considerable amount of good arable land, the tillage of which occupies the greater part of the inhabitants. The principal crops are corn, flax, and rape. Cattle, sheep, and swine are also reared, and the "Senner" breed of horses is celebrated. The industries of Lippe are almost confined to a little yarn-spinning and linen-weaving. Its trade is also inconsiderable ; but, besides agricultural products, timber, meerschaum pipes, and starch are ex ported. The brine springs of Salzuflen produce about 1500 tons of salt annually. In 1880 the population amounted to 120,216 souls, upwards of 95 per cent, of whom were Calvinists (Reformed Church), the remainder being Lutherans, Roman Catholics, and Jews. Education is provided for by two gymnasia and numerous other efficient schools. The principality contains seven small towns, the chief of which are Detmold, the seat of government, and Lemgo. The present constitution was granted in 1836, and is modified by a new election law of 1876. It pro vides for a representative chamber of twenty-one members, whose functions are mainly consultative. For electoral purposes the population is divided into three classes, rated according to taxation, each of which returns seven members. The estimated revenue in 1881 was 49,200, and the expenditure 50,850. The public debt amounts to nearly 60,000. Lippe has one vote in the German Reich stag, and also one vote in the Federal Council. Its military forces form a battalion of the 6th Westphalian infantry. II. ScHAUMBURG-LlPPE, Or LlPPE-BtJCKEBURG, to the north of Lippe-Detmold, consists of the western half of the old countship of Schaumburg, and is surrounded by West phalia, Hanover, and the Prussian part of Schaumburg. The northern extremity of the principality, which is 175 square miles in extent, is occupied by a lake named the Steinhuder Meer. The southern part is mountainous, but the remainder consists of a fertile plain, producing abundant crops of cereals and flax. Besides husbandry, the inhabit ants practise yarn -spinning and linen-weaving, and the coal-mines of the Biickeburg, on the south-eastern border, are very productive. The great bulk of the population, which in 1880 amounted to 35,374, are Lutherans. The capital is Biickeburg, and Stadthagen is the only other town. Under the constitution of 1868 there is a legisla tive diet of fifteen members, ten of whom are elected by the towns and rural districts and three by the nobility, clergy, and educated classes, while the remaining two are nominated by the prince. Schaumburg-Lippe sends one deputy to the Federal Council, and has one vote in the Reichstag. It contributes a battalion of riflemen to the imperial army. The budget of 1881-82 showed an estimated revenue of 25,750, which was balanced by the expenditure. The public debt is about 18,000. History. The district now named Lippe was inhabited in the earliest times of which we have any record by the Cherusci, whose leader Arminius annihilated the legions of Varus in the Teuto- burglan Forest (9 A.D. ). It was afterwards occupied by the Saxons, and was subdued by Charlemagne. The founder of the present reigning family, one of the most ancient in Germany, was Bernard I. (1128-58), who received a grant of the territory, till then called the countship of Haholt, from the emperor Lothair, and assumed the title of lord of Lippe. Bernard VIII., who with his people embraced the tenets of the Reformation in 1556, was the first to style himself count of Lippe. In 1613 Lippe was divided among the three sons of Simon VI., the lines founded by two of whom still exist, while the third (Brake) became extinct in 1709. Lippe-Detmold was the patrimony of the eldest son, whose descendants became princes of the empire in 1789. In 1809 it joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and in 1813 the German Confederation. Under the prudent government of the Princess Pauline (1807-20) the little country enjoyed great prosperity. Her son, Paul Alexander Leopold, ruled in the same spirit, and in 1836 granted the charter of rights on which the government is now based. In 1842 Lippe entered the German Customs Union
