428 NEWSPAPERS [GERMANY. circulation in France of foreign journals. The home minister may still prohibit a single number of a newspaper ; only the whole council of ministers, duly convened, can prohibit the circulation of a foreign newspaper absolutely. l Authorities. Hatin, Histoire de la Presse en France, 8 vols., 1860-61; Jules Evrard, " Origines de la Presse en France," in Revue Moderns, 1. 721-741, 18fi9; Gallois, Histoire des Journaux et Journalistes de la Revolution, 2 vols. ; Mar- montel, Memoires, . 277-291; Morellet, Eloge de Marrnontel, 11, 12; Chateau briand, Memoires d outre Tom.be, iii. 1, 24 sq., v. 95, and vi. 403, 407; Memoires de Mallet du Pan, i. 29 sq.; Montalembert, Le Pere Lacordaire, ii. 81, 1881 ; articles " Bachaumont," " Bertin," "Donneau," "Doublet," " Garat," " Loret," " Panckoucke," " Renaudot," in Biographic Universelle; Bulletin du Bibliophile, new series, vii. 855-866 ; Ste Beuve, Chateaubriand et son Oroupe Litteraire, fcc., ii. 100; Id., Portraits Litteraires, v. 147 sq. Lamartine, Histoire de la Resolution de 1848; Hatin, Manuel de la liberte de la Presse, 1868, and Nomen clature des Journaux ; Bibliotheque Imperiale Catalogue de I Histoire de France, iv. 345-569, 1857; Victor Ge"bd, Catalogue des Journaux, 1875; "Journalism in France," Quarterly Review, Ixv. 422-468, March 1840; Annuaire Encyclopedique, 1868, 708-709 ; Cochin, Le Comte de Montalembert, 1870; Bibliographiedela France, " Chronique " (1875, 96; 1876, 74, 75; and 1881, 7); Journal General de I fm- primerie, 1881, part ii. 201 sq. ; Ame de e Breton, " Les droits de la Presse," in Revue Modcrne, xlii. 721-741, 1867; Vapereau, articles "De Cliampagny," "De Coux," " De Falloux," " E. de Girardin," " Galignani," "J. Lemoinne," "De Montalembert," "Jules Ferry," "Alphonse Karr," " G. Sand," " Veuillot," <fcc., in Dictionnaire des Contemporains, various editions ; H. Kigault, " Observations sur les Journaux," in Jour, des Debats, October 28, 1858 ; G. Sand, Correspond- ance, ii. 288-311, 1882 ; Sayons, Memoires et Correspondance de Mallet du Pan, i. 32-35, 84, 86, ii. 368-448; Reinacli, "Parisian Newspapers," Nineteenth Century, xii. 347 sq. ; various French newspapers, from 1789 onwards, in the library of the Tuylor Institution at Oxford. 2 NEWSPAPERS OF GERMANY. Printed newspapers in Germany begin with the Frank furter Journal, established in the year 1615, by Egenolph Emmel, a bookseller of Frankfort-on-Main. In the follow ing j ear his example was imitated, doubtless with some improvement, by the foundation of the Frankfurter Ober- postamtszeitung, continued until the year 1866 as Frank furter Postzeitung. Fulda appears to have been the next German town to possess a newspaper, then Hildesheim (1619) and Herford (1630). In the course of the century almost all German cities of the first rank possessed their respective journals. The earliest in Leipsic bears the date 1660. The Rostocker Zeitung was founded in 1710. The Hamburgischer Correspondent dates from 1714, but was originally published under the name of Holsteinische Zeitung s-Correspondenz, two years earlier, and was almost the only German newspaper which really drew its foreign news from " our own correspondent." Berlin had two papers, those of Voss and of Spener, both of which are still published. They possessed in their earlier career some literary value, but were politically null. Some half- dozen papers which glimmered in the surrounding darkness were the reservoirs whence the rest replenished their little lamps. On the whole, it may be said that the German newspapers were of very small account until after the out break of the French Revolution. Meanwhile the MS. news-letters, as in earlier days, continued to enjoy a large circulation in Germany. Many came from London. The correspondence, for instance, known under the name of " Mary Pinearis," that, apparently, of a French refugee settled in London, had a great German circulation be- 1 The history of French journals published abroad is interesting, "but is necessarily passed over in these pages. The Annales politirjucs of Linguet, for a time of Linguet and Mallet du Pan jointly, was, from about 1770 to about 1785, almost a power in Europe, in its way. Mallet s own Mercure Britannique, during the eventful years 1798- 1800, was brilliant, sagacious, and honest. When the pen literally fell from his dying hand, a hand that had kept its integrity under the pains of exile and of bitter poverty, that pen was taken up (for a short interval) by Malonet. When Napoleon forcibly suppressed, a little later, the Courrier de f Europe of the count of Montlosier, he offered the deprived editor a pension, which was refused, until ac companied by the offer of a post in which the able minister of Louis XVI. could still work for his country. In our own day, another Courrier de V Europe has had a long and useful existence, and still appears weekly in London. 2 The writer desires to express here, once for all, his deep sense of obligation to the curators of the Taylor Institution at Oxford and to their learned librarian, Dr Krebs, for liberally granting facilities of access to the store of foreign newspapers with which its library is admirably supplied. tween 1725 and 1735. Another series was edited by the Cologne gazetteer, Jean Ignace de Roddrique, also a French refugee, and remembered as the subject of a character istic despatch from Frederick II. of Prussia to his envoy in that city, enclosing 100 ducats to be expended in hiring a stout fellow with a cudgel to give a beating to the gazetteer as the punishment of an offensive paragraph. 3 The money, it seems, was earned, for Roderique was well-nigh killed. At Berlin itself, Franz Hermann Ortgies carried on a brisk trade in these news-letters (1728-35), until he too came under displeasure on account of them, was kept in prison several months, and then exiled for life. 4 Nor, indeed, can any journal of a high order be mentioned of prior appearance to the Allgemeine Zeitung r , founded at Leipsic by the bookseller Cotta (at first under the title of Neueste Weltkunde) in 1798, and which is still at the head of the political press of Germany. Posselt was its first editor, but his want of nerve and perhaps his weak health hindered the application of his high powers to political journalism. His articles, too, gave offence to the Austrian court, and the paper had to change both its title and its place of publication. It had been commenced at Tubingen, and removed to Stuttgart ; it was now trans ferred to Ulm, and again to Augsburg. It was Cotta s aim to make this the organ of statesmen and publicists, to reach the public through the thinkers, to hold an even balance between the rival parties of the day, and to provide a trustworthy magazine of materials for the historians to come ; and, in the course of time, his plan was so worked out as to raise the Allgemeine Zeitung into European fame. Cotta was also the founder, at various periods, of the Morgenblatt, which became famous for its critical ability and tact, of Vesperus, of Das Inland, of Nemesis, of the Oppositionsblatt of Weimar (for a time edited by Bertuch), and even of the Archives Parisiennes. His ventures were not, of course, uniformly successful, but it is rare that men of like enterprise have made so few failures. Whilst French influence was dominant in Germany, the German papers were naturally little more than echoes of the Parisian press. But amidst the excite ments of the " war of liberation" a crowd of new journals appeared. Niebuhr started a Preussischer Correspondent ; Gorres who in 1798 had founded at Coblentz Das rothe Blatt, soon suppressed by the invading French under took the Eheinischer Mercur (January 1814 to January 1816), which was suppressed by the Prussian Government, under Von Hardenberg. This journal, during its initiatory year, had the honour of being termed by Napoleon per haps satirically "the fifth power of Europe." Wetzel, somewhat later, founded the Frdnkischer Mercur, published at Bamberg, and Friedrich Seybold the Neckarzeitung. Some of these journals lasted but two or three years. Most of the survivors fell victims to that resolution of the diet (20th September 1819) which subjected the news paper press, even of countries where the censorship had been formally abolished, to police superintendence of a very stringent kind. The aspirations for some measure of freedom which burst forth again under the influences of 1830 led to the establishment of such papers as Siebenpfeiffer s Westbote, Lohbauer s Hochivachter, Wirth s Deutscher Tribune, Eisen- mann s Baierisches Volksblatt, Der Freisinnige of Rotteck and Welcker, and many more of much freer utterance than had been heard before in Germany. This led, in the ordinary course, to new declarations in the diet 3 Fr. Kapp. " Berliner geschriebene Zeitungen," in Deutsche Rund schau, xxi. 107-122, 1879, citing Droysen, Zeitschr. /. preuss. Gesch., xiii. 11. The story, as told by Droysen, is an instructive commentary on Carlyle s praise of Frederick s "love of the liberty of the press." 4 Kapp, ut supra.
