GERMANY.] NEWSPAPERS 429 against the licence and revolutionary tendencies of the press, and to " regulations " of a kind which will be suffi ciently indicated by the mention of one, in virtue whereof no editor of a suppressed journal could undertake another journal, during the space of five years, within any part of Germany. It need hardly be added that few of the news papers of 1830 saw the Christmas of 1832. Very gradually some of the older journals and amongst the number the patriarch of all, the Frankfurter Oberpostamtszeitung plucked up courage enough to speak out a little ; and some additional newspapers were again attempted. Amongst those which acquired deserved influence were Brockhaus s Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, the advocate of free trade and of a moderate liberalism, and possessing a large circu lation in northern Germany (1837) ; the Deutsche Zeitung, edited by Gervinus, at Heidelberg (July 1847) ; and the Dorfzeitung, published at Hildburghausen. The stirring events of 1848 called forth in Germany, as in so many other countries, a plentiful crop of political instructors of the people, many of whom manifestly lacked even the capacity to learn, and vanished almost as suddenly as they had appeared. But it is undeniable that a marked im provement in the ability and energy of the German politi cal press may be dated from this period ; and of late years the press of Germany has gone far towards turning into very grave earnest the ironical words of the first Napoleon. In 1833 the number of German newspapers of all kinds, popular journals (Volksblatter) included, but without reckoning periodicals devoted to literature or science, amounted to no more than about 335 ; in 1849 this number had increased to 1551, their geographical distribution being as follows : Anhalt, 10 ; Austria (German), 74 ; Baden, 55 ; Bavaria, 127 ; Bremen, 18 ; Brunswick, 9 ; Frankfort, 17 ; Hamburg, 24 ; Hanover, 32 ; Hesse-Cassel, 22 ; Hesse-Darm stadt, 34 ; Hesse-Homburg, 4 ; Hohenzollern, 4 ; Holstein, 17 ; Lippe-Detmold, 4 ; Liibeck, 4 ; Luxemburg, 4 ; Mecklenburg, 22 ; Nassau, 13; Oldenburg, 8; Prussia, 632; Reuss, 11; Saxon Duchies, 44 ; Saxony, 183 ; Schaumburg-Lippe, 2 ; Schleswig, 5 ; Schwartzburg, 12 ; Waldeck, 2 ; Wiirtemberg, 67. In addition to these, but included in the total of 1551, 77 German newspapers were published in the Swiss cantons, and 14 in the Baltic pro vinces of Russia. Many of those reckoned in this enumeration soon ceased to appear, but others took their place, and the total in 1855 was estimated at a little above 1600. In 1879 it was estimated that the total number of newspapers and periodicals published in the German language, in all parts of the world, reached to nearly 5480 : in Germany proper, 3780 ; Austria- Hungary, about 700 ; Switzerland, about 300 ; Russia, about 50; Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, &c., 40; North America, 600; South America, 9 ; Africa (Cape Town) I. 1 In Germany, in foreign languages, there appeared at the same period in Polish, 26 ; French, 17 ; Danish, 10 ; Wendish, 6 ; Lithuanian, 2 ; English, 2 ; Hebrew, 4 ; total, 67. 2 All the leading German papers have daily correspondence from Paris ; in the Cologne Gazette sometimes five Paris letters may be seen at a time. Foreign state papers are largely collected and trans lated. The National Zeitung, published at Berlin, holds a conspicuous place amongst existing German newspapers. Dr Bernhard Wolff, who founded it (also in 1848), continued to be chief editor until his death in 1879. He was a notable precursor (only a little in advance) in telegraphic enterprise of Julius Reuter ; and, to some extent, his telegraphic bureau at Berlin may be regarded as the germ at once of the " Agence Havas " and of " Renter s telegrams." Like Reuter, he found it expedient, as the affair grew, to turn it over to a company. He did so in 1864, but continued to work the enterprise until 1871. Of strictly political papers, the Volkszeitung is prob ably that which has the largest circulation of all Germany. As regards the socialistic press, "German socialism," says Sorel, "has turned journalist. It has established 14 printing offices, and publishes 41 political journals, 13 of which are of daily publication. . . ._ The collective circulation is said to exceed 130,000. The leading paper of this party, Vorwarts, published at Leipsic, prints about 12,000 ; Dicneue Welt, literary rather than political, is said 1 Lagai, "Zeitungen und Zeitschriften," in Pierer s Univ. Lexicon, 1879. The statistics given by Hubbard (Neivspaper Directory of the World, vol. ii. pp. 1399-1563) differ enormously from those given above? But Hubbard mingles the most heterogeneous " periodicals " in one undigested mass with the newspapers which are strictly such. 2 "La Presse Allem. in 1873," Rev. d. d. Mondcs, 1873, ii. 715. to sell 35,000 copies." 3 . . . Die Zukunft, another of their organs (1848), long edited by Johann Jacoby, was suppressed in 1871, mainly on account of its vigorous protests against the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. The total number of political journals of all kinds throughout Germany in 1879 was 2451, of which 640 were avowedly Govern ment or administrative organs. NEWSPAPERS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. At the beginning of 1840 the whole number of Austro- German and Hungarian periodicals, of all sorts, was less than 100, only 22 being (after a fashion) political news papers ; and of these nearly all drew their materials and their inspiration from the official papers of Vienna ( Wiener Zeitung and Oesterreichischer Beobachter). These two were all that appeared in the capital. Agram, Pesth, Pressburg, Lemberg, and Prague had also two each ; but no other city had more than a single journal. In 1846 the aggre gate number of periodicals had grown to 155, of which 46 were political, but political only in the character of mere conduit-pipes for intelligence " approved of " by the Government. In 1855 the number of political papers published throughout the entire territory under Austrian government, the Italian provinces excepted, was 60. 4 In 1873, ten years after the virtual cessation of a strict censorship, 5 the number of political journals, including all the specifically administrative organs, as well local as gene ral, was 267, and that of mere advertising papers 42; now, in 1883, the former number is increased to about 280, the latter to about 60. The comparatively brief duration of Austrian-Hungarian newspapers and periodi cals generally is a characteristic feature. Of 866 journals of all kinds existing at a recent date, 153 had their birth in 1873, 145 others in 1872, 109 in 1871; only 67 dated from the decennium 1851-60, 30 from 1841-50, and there were but 21 with any claim to a date earlier than 1840. Vienna had in 1883 in all 18 daily newspapers (really such), ten of which range in average circulation from 14,000 to 54,000 copies, and, according to the consular returns collected by Hubbard, no less than 483 periodicals of all kinds, and of all periods of issue. Of 1016 journals, classified as to language, 600 appear in German, 170 in Hungarian, 79 in Bohemian, 58 in Polish, 56 in Italian, 22 in Slovenian, 11 in Croatian and Servian, 9 in Ruthenian, 8 in Roumenian, 3 in Hebrew. Budapest claims to have 229 journals, and Prague 99, counting those of all descriptions. The aggregate number of stamps issued to political journals in 1860 was about 42,100,000; in 1871 it reached nearly 81,000,000. See Die periodische Presse Oesterreichs, 1875 ; Lagai, " Zeitungen und Zeit schriften," ut sup.; Bluntschli and others, " Zeitungswesen," ut sup. NEWSPAPERS OF OTHER EUROPEAN STATES. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. In Sweden the earliest regular Sweden, newspaper appears to have been the Ordinarie Post-Tidende of Stockholm, first published in 1643, and continued until 1680, then, after long suspension, revived under the title Post- och Inrikes- Tidning, under which name it is still published daily. Stockholm has also its Aftonbladet. The Post-Tidende was followed by the Svensk Mercurius (1675-83) and the Latin Rclationes Curiosie (1682-1701). In 1742 a Swedish newspaper in French (Gazette Franyiisc de Stockholm) was commenced, and was followed in 3 Valbert, "Le parti socialiste en Allemagne," Rev. d. d. Mondes, 1878, ii. 708. 4 Distributed thus : Vienna, 19; Linz, 1; Salzbui^, 2; Gratz, 1; Klagenfurt, 1; Laibach, 1; Trieste, 3 (two Italian); Prague, 4 (one Czech); Brunn, 3 (one Czech); Olmiitz, 1; Troppau, 1; Innsbruck, 4; Pesth, 4 (two Magyar); Pressburg, 1; Agram, 2 (one Crotian); Temesvar, 1; Neusatz, 1 (Servian); Hermannstadt, 2 (one Roumanian); Cronstadt, 2 (one Roumanian) ; Lemberg, 2 (one Polish) ; Cracow, 1 (Polish) ; Zara, 3 (one Slavonic and one Italian). B What that censorship had been in its palmy days may be sufficiently seen from the one fact that in January 1818 the Rheinischer Merkur, the Nuremberg Concordant, the Neuwied Zeitung, all the papers in French printed in the Netherlands, and all Polish papers whatever were suppressed at a blow.
