442 SCHOOLS OF PAINTING field. Scotland produced two of the chief painters of this time Sir William Allan and Sir David Wilkie. Mulready was a fine draughtsman, skilful in composition, but weak in colour. Etty's scholastic drawing recalls the merits and faults of the Bolognese school, and he is frequently very fine in colour. Eastlake was weak in drawing and feeble in composition. Sir Edwin Landseer excelled in animal painting, especially in his rendering of the texture of hair and fur, but was frequently rather harsh in colour and commonplace in motive. David Roberts is worthy of note for his very clever water- colours of architectural scenes, J. F. Lewis for his ex- quisitely finished Oriental subjects, and J. S. Raven for his grand and imaginative landscapes, which, however, are very little known. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (see fig. 44), who died in 1882, was one of the chief painters of the century, both for the richness of his colouring and for his strong poetical imagination ; he was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite " brotherhood " (see ROSSETTI), whose rise, development, and widespread influence on painting in Britain have been the chief artistic events in this century, and have produced a few painters whose earnestness of purpose and originality of power give them a foremost and absolutely unique position in modern Europe. LIST OF PAINTERS. The following lists give the chief painters classified according to their schools in chronological order. 1 1. Italian Schools. 3 (i.) Lucca and Pwo. Lotharius and Ranuccius of Lucca, known only from a document, a treaty with Pisa, signed by them in 1228. Bonaventuro Berlinghieri,' fl.1235-44. Enrico of Pisa, miniatures, fl.1238. Marco BnttngatarJ, miniatures in a MS. Bible, fl.1250. Barone Btrlinghieri, several crucifixes, fl. 1240-84. Deodati Oriandi of Lucca, fl.1288-1301. Giunta Pisano, first half of 13th cen- tury. Torino Vanni, second half of 14th cen- tury. The names of many other Pisan painters of the later part of the 13th century are recorded in documents, but no paintings by them are known to exist* (ii.) Steno.4 Guido da Siena, fl.1220. Uiotisalvi, fl.1270. Duccio di Buoninsegna, 11.1300. Segna di Buoninsegna, fl.1305. Simone di Martino, C.12S5-C.1344. Lippo Memmi, d.c.1357. Berna, fl.early 14th century. Pietro Lorenzetti, fl.1320-c.1343. Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Pietro's brother, fl.1330, d.c.1348. Niccolo di Segna, ll.l:U2. Jacopo di Mino, fl.1342. Lippo Vanni, fl. 1 350 -c. 1376. Niccolo di Buonaccorso, fl. 1350-88. Bartolo di Fredi, fl.1353-1410. Luca di Tomme, fl.1367. Paolo di Giovanni, fl.!3SO. Meo da Siena, fl.l3SO. Taddeo di Bartolo, 1363-1422. Andrea di Bartolo, fl.1330, d.1428. Gregorio Cecchi, fl.1400. Martino di Bartolomeo, fl.1403, d.1433. Domenico di Bartolo, d.1449. Stefano di Giovanni, fl.1428, d.1450. Giovanni di Paolo, c.1403-1482. Sano di Pietro, 1406-81. Lorenzo di Pietro (Vecchietta), 1410- 80, better known as a sculptor. Matteo di Giovanni, 1420-05. Bcnvenuto di Giovanni, 1436-1518. Francesco di Giorgio, b.1439. Neroccio di Landi, 1447-1500. Pietro di Domenico, 1457-1501. Bernardino Fnngai, 1400-1516. Andrea di Niccolo, 1460-1529. Girolamo di Benvenuto, 1470-1524. Giacomo Pacchiarotto, 8 b.1474. Girolamo del Pacchia, 5 1477 to after 1521. 1 When the years of a painter's birth and death are unknown, fl. for " flour- ished " is put before the date, which is taken either from existing dated pic- tures or from documentary records.
- Of recent years a more careful
search for documents relating to Italian art has done much to correct the dates of many painters' lives ; hence in many cases the years of a painter's birth and death given in the following list differ from those in most previous works on the subject. 3 The three Berlinghieri were of a Milanese family, but worked mostly at Lucca. 4 Most valuable assistance in the preparation of this list of Sienese painters was given by Mr C. Fairfax Murray. s The works of these two painters are frequently confounded ; a chrouiolitho- Giov. Ant Bazzi (Sodoma), 1477-1549 ; though not of the Sienese school, he had much influence on the Sienese painters in the early part of the 16th century. Baldaasare Peruzzi, 14S1-1537. Domenico Michariuo (Beccafumi), 1486-1550. The most important Sienese painters during the second half of the 16th and the 17th centuries were Arcangiolo Salimbeni, Alessandro Casolani, Pietro Savi, Ventura Salimbeni, Francesco Vanui, Francesco Rustici, Rutilio Manetti, Astolfo Petrazzi, and Raf- faello Vanni.6 (iii.) Florence. Andrea Tafl, 1213-71294 (Vasari). Coppo di Marcovaldo, fl. 1261-75. Gaddo Gaddi, 1239-1312 (according to Vasari). Giovanni Gualtieri (Cimabue), 1240- T1S02. Giotto di Bondone, 1276-1337. Taddeo Gaddi, '1300 to after 1366. Puccio Capanna, first half of 14th century. Buouamico Christofani (Buffalmacco), first half of 14th century. Giovanni Jacobi da Milano, fl. 13(55. Giottino (real name doubtful), first half of 14th century. Jacopo Landini, C.1310-C.1390. Agnolo Gaddi (son of Taddeo Gaddi), 14th century. Andrea Orcagna, C.1316-C.1376, and his brothers Lionardo? (ft. 1332-47) and Jacopo. Francesco Traini, chief of Orcagna's pupils, fl.1341-45. Antonio Longhi (Veneziano), fl.1370-87. Gherardo Stamina, 1354, d. after 1406. Giuliano d'Arrigo (Pesello), 1367 to after 1427. Tommaso di Fini (Masolino), b.!3S3. Lorenzo Monaco, fl.1404-13. Fra Angelico (Guido di Vicchio), 1387- 1455. Andrea del Castagno, 1390-1457. Paolo Uccello, c.1396-1475. Tommaso di S. Giovanni (Masaccio), 1402-29. Fra Lippo Lippi, c.1412-69. Francesco di Pesello(Pesellino),l422-57. Alesso Baldovinetti, 1422-99. Domenico Veneziano, fl.1438, d.1461. Benozzo Gozzoli, 1424, d. after 1485. Andrea Verrocchio, 1432-C.1488. Antonio Pollaiuolo, 1433-98. Cosimo Rosselli, 1439-1507. Luca Signorelli (Da Cortona), 1441- 1523 ; his principal pupil was Giro- lamo Genga, 1476-1551. Pietro Pollaiuolo, 1443, d. before 1496. Sandro Botticelli, 1447-1515. Doraenico Bigordi (Ghirlandaio), 1449- 94. His works were closely imitated by his pupil and brother-in-law Bastiano Mainardi. Lorenzo di Credi, 1459-1537. His chief scholar was Sogliani, 1492-1544. Filippino Lippi, 1460-1504. Piero di Cosimo, 1462-1521. Raffaellino del Garbo, 1466-1524. Francesco Granacci, 1469-1543. Giuliano Bagiardini, 1471-1554. Mariotto Albertindli, 1474-1515. Fra Bartolomeo del la Porta, 1475-1517. graph of a fresco by Pacchia a scene from the life of St Catherine has been published by the Arundel Society as being from a work of Pacchiarotto. 8 See Lanzi, fainting in Italy, Bonn's ed., vol. i. p. 290. 7 Wrongly called Bernardo by Vasari. Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475-1564. Francesco di Cristoluuo (Francia Bigio), 1482-1525. Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, 1483-1560. Andrea del Sarto, 1487-1531. His scholar Puligo closely imitated his style. Jacopo Carucci da Pontormo, 1494- 1557. Giulio Clovio of Dalmatia, miniaturist, 1498-1578. Angelo Bronzino, 1502-72. Marcello Venusti, d.c.1580. Daniele da Volterra, 1509-66. Francesco de' Rossi (called Del Salvi- ati), 1510-63. Giorgio Vasari, art historian, 1512-74. Alessandro Allori, 1535-1607. Orazio Lomi de' Gentilesehi, 1562-1646. Cristoforo Allori, 1577-16^1. Carlo Dolci, 1616-86. The other Florentine painters of the later part of the 16th and 17th centuries are of little importance. (iv.) Umbria. Oderisio of Gubbio, miniaturist (Dante, Pur., xi. 79), fl.1264-c.1299. Guido Palmerucci (GubbioX 1280 -c. 1345. Allegretto Nnzi, fl. 1346-85. Gentile da Fabriano, b. between 1360 and 1370, d.1450. Ottaviano Nelli, fl. 1410-34. Lorenzo da San Severino, b.1374, fl. 1400. Piero Borghese (Delia Francesca), c. 1415 to after 1494. Fra Carnovale, pupil of P. Borghese, second half of 15th century. Benedetto Bonfigli, fl.1450-96. Niccolo of Foligno,8 fl.1458-99. Lorenzo da San Severino the younger, fl. 1480-96. Melozzo da Forli, 1438-94. Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, fl. 1470-99. Giovanni Santi (father of Raphael), pupil of Melozzo da Forli, d.1494. Pietro Vannucci (Perugino), 1446-1524. Bernardino di Betto (Pinturicchio), 1454-1513. Marco Palraezzano of Forli, c.1456, d. after 1537. Andrea Alovigi (L'Ingegno), fl.1484. Lodovico Angeli, fl.1481-1506. Giovanni di Pietro (Lo Spagna), fl.1503, d. in or before 1530. Giannicola Manni, fl.1493, d.1544. Timoteo Viti, 1469-1523. Raphael Sanzio, 1483-1520 ; belonged to the Perugian school only during the first few years of his career. Less important Umbrian painters of the 15th century were Giov. Boccati, Girolamo di Giovanni, Matteo da Gualdo, Bartolomeo di Tommaso, and Pietro Antonio, also a number of third- rate painters who belonged to the school of Perugino. (v.) Padua. Guariento, fl. 1316-65. Justus of Padua (Giusto Giovanni), c. 1330-1400, apparently a follower of Giotto. Francesco Squarcione, 1394-1474. Gregorio Scliiavone, second half of 15th century. Andrea Mantegna, 1431-1506. His chief pupils were his son Francesco (b. c. 1470, died after 1517), Carlo (called) del Mantegna, Giov. Fran. Carotto, and Francesco Bonsignori of Verona (1455-1519). 8 Wrongly called Alunno by Vasari. Bartolomeo Montagna (fl.1487, d.1523), a pupil of Mantegna and Gian. Bel- lini, founded a school at Vicenza, to which belonged Giovanni Speranza and Benedetto Moutagna, the latter an able engraver. (vi.) Arezzo. Margaritone di Magnono& (according to Vasari), 1216-93. Mantano di Arezzo, fl. 1305-10. Jacopo di Casentino, C.1310-C.1390. Spinello di Luca (Aretino), chief pupil of Casentino, 10 c.1330-1410. Niccolo di Pietro Gerini, d. before 1389. His son Lorenzo was also a painter. Lorenzo di Bicci, fl.1370-1409. Parri Spinelli, early 15th century. Bicci di Lorenzo, fl.1420, d.1452. Bartolomeo della Gatta, c. 1410-91. His pupils Domenico Pecori and Niccolo Soggi were men of but little talent (vii.) Venice. Niccolo Semitecolo, fl.1351-1400. Lorenzo Veneziano, fl. 1357-79. Stefano Veneziano, fl. 1369-81. Jacobello del Fiore, fl. 1400-39. Johannes Alemannus, probably of Cologne, 11.H40 .<'/. Jacopo Bellini, 1395-1470 ; and his two sons Gentile Bellini (1421-1507) and Giovanni Bellini (1426-1516). Gio- vanni's closest imitator was Niccolo Rondinelli. Giovanni Vivarini of Murano, fl.1440-47. Antonio Vivarini, fl.1440-70. Bartolomeo Vivarini, fl. 1459-98. Alvise Vivarini, fl.1464-1503. Autonello da Messina, C.1444-C.1493. Carlo Crivelli, fl.1468 to after 1500. Mansneti, fl. 1494-1500. Vittpre Carpaccio, c.1450 to after 1522. His chief pupil was Lazzaro Sebas- tian!. Marco Marziale, fl.1492-1507. Marco Basaiti, fl.1470-1520. Francesco Torbido (Moro), 1486-1546. Vicenzo Catena, fl.1495, d. after 1531. Cima da Conegliano, fl.1489-1517. Macrino d'Alba, fl.1496-1508. Bartolomeo Veneziano, fl.c. 1505-30. Marco Belli, fl.1511. Francesco Bissolo, fl.1500-28. Pellegrino da San Daniele, c. 1465-1547. Andrea Previtali, fl.1506, d.1528. Lorenzo Lotto, c.1476-1555. Giorgio Barbarelli (Giorgione), 1477- 1511. Tiziano Vecellio, 1477-1576. Jacopo Palma (Vecchio), 1480-1528. Giov. Ant Licinio (Pordenone), 1483- 1539. Sebastiano Luciani (Del Pioinbo), 1485- 1547. Girolamo da Treviso, 1497-1 vi t. Bonifacio. There were three painters of this name, Bonifacio of Verona, d.1540 ; another Veronese Bonifacio, 9 Margaritone, a very bad painter, much overpraised by Vasari, belongs really to no special school ; his works are inferior to contemporary and earlier paintings of the Byzantine school. The National Gallery possesses an ugly but interesting example of his work, signed "Margarit' de Aritio." Some other painters born at Arezzo belong to the Florentine school, among them Giorgio Vasari, a very feeble imitator of Michel- angelo. 10 These two painters belong rather to the Florentine school.
