SCHOOLS OF PAINTING 443 d.1553, both pupils of Palma Vecchio, and a Venetian, who was painting after 1579, probably a son of one of the elder Bonifacios. Girolamo da Santaeroee, fl.1520-48. Paris Bordone, 1500-71. Jacopo da Ponte (Bassano), 1510-92. Four of his sons were painters. Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto), 1512-94. Bernardino da Pordenone, 1520-70. Andrea Schiavone, 1522-82. Paolo Cagliari (Veronese), 1528-88. Battista Kelotti, c. 1532-92. Jacopo Palma (Giovane), 1544-1628. AlessandroVarotari(Padovauino),1590- 1650. Sebastiano Eicci, 1660-1734. Giov. Batt. Tiepolo, 1696-1770. Antonio Canale (Canaletto), 1697-1768. Francesco Zuccherelli, 1702-93. Francesco Guardi, 1712-93. Bernardo Bellotto, 1720-80, nephew of Canaletto and a close imitator of his style. (viii.) Brescia. Vincenzo Foppa, fl. 1450-66 (see also Milan). Vincenzo Civerchio of Crema, fl.1495- 1540. Fioravante Ferramola, end of 15th cent. Girolamo Roman! (II Romanino), c. 1486 -c. 1566. . Girolamo Savoldo, c.1487 to after 1540. Alessandro Buonvicino(Moretto), 1498- 1555. Giov. Batt. Moroni of Bergamo, c.1525- 78. (ix.) Verona. Turone da Verona, fl.1360. Altichiero da Zevio and Giacomo degli Avanzi, 14th century. The other Veronese painters of the 14th cen- tury were of little artistic power. Vittore Pisano (Pisanello), 1380 -c. 1455. His chief pupils were Stefano da Zevio, Giovanni Oriolo, and Bono of Ferrara (see Ferrara). Dpmenico Morone, d. after 1503. Liberale da Verona, 1451-1536. Francesco Bonsignori, 1455-1519. Niccolo Giolfmo, c.1465 to after 1518. Francesco Morone, 1473-1529. Girolamo dal Libri, 1474-1556. Paolo Morando (Cavazzola), 1486-1522. Paolo Veronese and his imitator Battista Zelotti, a native of Verona, belong rather to the Venetian school. (x.) Ferrara. Cosimo Tura, 1430-? 1496. Francesco Cossa, latter part of 15th century. Bono da Ferrara, fl.1461, pupil of Pis- anello. Francesco Bianchi, c.1445-1510. Ercole Grandii (or Roberti), c.1445, d. before 1513. Giovanni Oriolo, fl.1449 to after 1461, pupil of Pisanello. Lorenzo Costa, 1 460-1535, belongs rather to the Bologne.se school. Gian. Battista Bartucci, fl.e.1506. Dosso Dossi, 1480-1560. His brother Gianbattista was also a painter. Lodovico Mazzolino da Ferrara, 1478- ? 1530. Francesco Zaganelli da Cotignola, fl. 1505-18, and his brother Bernardino. Benvenuto Tisio (Garofalo), 1481-1559. Giovanni Battista Benvenuti (L'Orto- lano), early part of 16th century. Girolamo Carpi, 1501-56. (xi.) Bologna. Guido da Bologna, fl.1177. Ventura, fl.1197-1217. Ursone, fl.1226-48.2 Vitale da Bologna, fl. 1320-50. Lippo Dalmasii, fl.1376 to after 1410. Simone (called) de' Crocifissi, fl.1370. Giacomo degli Avanzi, fl. later part of 14th century, also classed with Veronese school. Jacopo di Paolo, early 15th century. Marco Zoppo, fl.1471-98. Francesco Raibolini (called Francia after his master), c. 1450-1517. Lorenzo Costa of Ferrara, 1460-1535. Francesco Primatiecio, 1504-70. Ludovico Caracci, 1555-1619. Agostino Caracci, 1558-1601. AnniBale Caracci, 1560-1609. 1 As Comin. Morelli has pointed out, Grandi's signature and the date 1531 on a picture of the Entombment, formerly in the Borghese gallery in Rome, are a forgery, Grandi really having died long before ; it may, however, be by the younger painter of the same name. 2 See Malvasia, Felsina Pittrice. Bologna, 1678. Guido Reni, 1575-1642. Francesco Albaui, 1578-16GO. Domenico Zainpieri (Domenichino), 1581-1641. Francesco Barbieri (Guercino), 1591- 1666. Guido Cagnaccio, 1601-81. Pier Fran. Mola, 1612-68. Elisabetta Siraui, 1638-65. (xii.) Modena and Parma. Tommaso da Modena, fl.1350-60. Barnabo da Modena, fl. 1360-80. Bartolomeo Grossi, fl.1462. Jacopo Loschi, fi.c.1460. Cristoforo Caselli, fl.1499. Lodovico da Parma, pupil of Francia of Bologna, early 16th century. Mazzuola, three brothers, Michele, Pierilario, and Filippo, early 16th century. Antonio Allegri (Correggio), 1493-1534, closely connected with the Ferrara school. Francesco Mazzuola (Parmigiano), 1504-40. His pupil Girolamo Maz- zuola closely imitated his works. (xiii.) Cremona. Francesco Tacconi, fl.1464-90. Altobellp Melone, fl.1515-20. Boccaccio Boccaccino, fl.1496, d.1525. Giulio Campi, 1500-72. (xiv.) Milan. Vincenzo Foppa, fl. 1450 -66 (see also Brescia). Ambrogio Bevflacqua, fl.1486. Vincenzo Civerchio (see Brescia), closely connected with early Milanese school. Francesco Bianchi (II Frare), 1447-1510. Bernardo Zenale da Treviglio, d. after 1521. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519. To his school belong Bernardino Luini (c. 1470 to after 1530), Sodoma (1477- 1549), Andrea da Solarip (c. 1458 to after 1515), and more directly Gian. Pietrino, Ambrogio Preda, Cesare da Sesto (1480-1521), Marco d'Oggiono (c. 1470-1549), Andrea Salaino, and Giov. Ant. Beltraffio (1467-1516). Ambrogio da Fossano (Borgognone), c. 1455-1523 ; his two brothers were his pupils and assistants. Bartolomeo Suardi (Bramantino) (fl. 1495-1529) and Gaudenzio Ferrari (1485-1549) were also influenced by Leonardo. Ferrari's chief pupils were : Bernardino Lanini (c.l508-e.l578) and Giov. Paolo Lomazzo, the Milanese art historian, whose Trattato della Pintura was published in 1584. Am- brogio Figino was an able scholar of Lomazzo, together with Cristoforo Ciocca. Ercole Procaccini, 1520-90. Bernardino Campi, 1522-90. Camillo Procaccini, 1546-1626. Giov. Batt. Crespi, 1557-1633. A number of inferior Milanese painters lived in the 16th century. 3 (xv.) Rome. Raphael Sanzio, 1483-1520, who hi his early youth belonged first to the Perugian and then to the Florentine school, was the founder of the so- called Roman school, which at first consisted almost wholly of his pupils. Giov. Fran. Penni (II FattoreX 1488- 1528. Innocenzo da Imola, 1490-1549. Pplidoro da Caravaggio, 1495-1543. Giulio Pippi de' Giannuzzi (Romano), 1498-1546. Perino del Vaga, 1500-47. Federigo Barocci, 1528-1612. Cesare d'Arpino, 1567-1640. Bartolomeo Schedone, 1580-1615. Giov. Lanfranco, 1581-1647. Bart. Manfredi, 1581-1617. Pietro da Cortona, 1596-1669. Andrea Sacchi, 1598-1661. Gianbattista Salvi (Sassoferrato), 1605- 85. Carlo Maratta, 1625-1713. Paolo Pannini, 1691-1764. (xvi.) Naples. The names of Simone Napoletano, Colantonio, and other native painters who were supposed to have worked in the 14th and 15th centuries appear to be those of wholly mythical personages. Michelangelo da Caravaggio. 1569-1609. Giuseppe Ribera(Lo Spagnaletto), 1588- ?1656. Aniello Falcone, 1594-1665. 3 See Lanzi, Hist, of Painting, Bonn's ed., ii. p; 499 sg. Salvator Rosa, 1615-73. Luca Giordano, 1632-1705. 2. German School. Wilhelm of Herle or William of Cologne, fl.1358, d.c.1378. Stephen Lochner, fl.1442, d.1451. Master of Liesborn, fl.1465. Michael Wohlgemuth, 1434-1519. Master of the Lyversberg Passion, fl. 1463-80. Israel von Meckenen, c.1440-1503. Martin Schongauer, 1450 4 -88. Matthias Griiuewald, c.1460 to after 1529. Master Christophorus, fl.1500-10. Master of the Death of the Virgin, fl. 1515, d.1556. Hans Holbein the elder, c.1460-1523, and his brother Sigmund Holbein, c. 1465 to after 1540. Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528. Lucas Cranach, 1472-1553. Hans Burckmair, 1473-1531. Hans Fuss (Von Kuknbach), pupil of A. Durer, d.c.1522. Albrecht Altdorfer, b. before 1480-153S. Hans Leonhard Schaufelin, 1490-1540. Hans Holbein the younger, 1497-1543. Hans Sebald Beham, 1500-50, and his brother Barthel Beham, 1502-C.1540. Heinrich Aldegrever, 1502-58. Virgil Soils, 1514-62. Lucas Cranach the younger, 1515-86. Jost. Amman, 1531-91. Heinrich Golzius, 1558-1617. Johann Rottenhammer, 1564-1623. Adam Elshaimer, 1574-1620. Joachim von Sandrart, 1606-88. Balthasar Denner, 1685-1747. Christ. Will. Ernst Dietrich, 1712-74. Anton Raphael Mengs, 1728-78. Peter von Cornelius, 1783-1867. Johann Fried. Overbeck, 1789-1869. Fried. Wil. von Schadow, 1789-1862. Julius Schnorr, 1794-1872. Wilhelm von Kaulbach, 1805-74. Karl Fried. Lessing, 1808-80. 3. Flemish School. Melchior Broederlam, fl.1382-c.1400. Hubert van Eyck, b. a. 1366, d.after 1426. Jan van Eyck, younger brother of Hubert, d. after 1440. Margaret van Eyck, a younger sister of the above, died soon after Hubert. Petrus Christus, a pupil of the Van Eycks, fl.1447-71. Dierick Bouts, c.1391-1475. Roger van der Weyden the elder, c. 1400-64. Gerard van der Meire, c.1410 to after 1474. Hans Memling, c.1430, d. before 1495. Roger van der Weyden the younger, c. 1450-1529. Hugo van der Goes, fl.1467, d.1482. Justus of Ghent, fl.1451-70. Gheerardt David, c.1455-1523. Quintin Matsys, 1466-1531. Jan Gossart de Mabuse, 1470-1532. Bernard van Orley, 1470-1541. Jan Mostert, 1474-1556. Henri de Bles, 1480-C.1550. Joachim da Patinir, b. between 1485 and 1490, d. 1524. Jan van Schoreel, 1495-1562. Michiel Coxcie, 1499-1592. Lambert Lombard (Sustermann), 1506 to after 1566. Marinus van Romerswale, fl.1535 to after 1567. Pieter Pourbus, 1510-83. Antony Mor (Antonio Moro), 1512-77. Pieter Breughel, c.1520-69. Paul Bril, 1556-1626. Pieter Breughel, 1564-1637. Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640. Frans Snyders, 1579-1657. Kasper de Grayer, 1582-1669. David Teniers,s 1582-1649. Jan (called "Velvet") Breughel, c. 1589 -e. 1642. Jacob Jordaens, 1593-1678. Lucas van Uden, 1595-1672. Anton Vandyck, 1599-1641. Adriaan van Utrecht, 1599-1652. Philippe de Champaigne, 1602-74. Jan van Essen, 1606-65. Jan Fyt, 1609-61. David Teniers the younger, 1610-94. Jacobus van Artois, 1613 to after 1684. Gonzales Coques, 1614-84. Pieter van der Faes (Sir Peter Lely), 1618-80. 4 Not 1420, as is usually supposed. Schongauer is mentioned by A. Diirer as being a young apprentice in ] 470. 5 The Teniers, though Flemish by birth and education, belong more closely to the Dutch school. Abraham Teniers, 1629-71. Gerard de Lairesse, 1641-1711. Jean Francois Millet, 1642-80. Cornelis Huysmans, 1648-1727. Jan van Bloemen, 1662-1740. A large number of Flemish painters, many of them pupils of Rubens, lived in the 17th century, but they are of little importance. 4. Dutch School. Albert van Ouwater, early part of 15th century. Gerard of Haarlem, end of 15th century. Hieronymus van Aekeu, c. 1460-1518. Lucas (Jacobsz) van Leyden, 1494-1533. Jan van Schoreel; 1495-1562. Marten van Heemskerck (1498-1574), Cornelis van Haarlem (1562-1638), Cor- nelis van Poelenburg (1586-1667) and Gerard van Honthorst (1592 -? 1666), though Dutch by birth, were feeble imitators of Italian schools. Frans Hals, 1584-1666. Thomas de Keyser, C.1595-C.1660. Cornelis Janssen, c.1596-1665. Jan van Goyen, 1596-1656. Jan de Heem, 1603-50. Albert Cuyp, 1605-91. Rembrandt van Rjjn or Ryn, 1606-69. Emanuel de Witte, 1607-92. Jan Wynants, d. after 1674. Gerhard Terburg, 1608-81. Salomon Koning, 1609-68. Jan Both c. 1610-56, and his younger brother Andries Both. Adrian van Ostade, 1610-85. Ferdinand Bol, 1611-81. Bart, van der Heist, 1613-70. Gerhard Dou, 1613-75. Aart van der Neer, c.1619 to after 1691. Philip de Koninck, 1619-89. Philip Wouwerman, 1619-68. Jan Battista Weenix, 1621-60. Isaac van Ostade, 1621-49. Gerbrandt van der Eckhout, 1621-74. Nicholas Berchem, 1624-83. Paul Potter, 1625-54. Jacob Ruysdael, 1625-81. Jan Steen, 1626-79. Karel Dujardin, 1630-78. Gabriel Metsu, 1630 to after 1667. Ludolf Backhuizen, 1631-1709. Nicholas Maes, 1632-93. Pieter de Hooch, 1632-81. Jan van der Meer, 1632-95. Willem Vaudevelde the younger. 1633- 1707. Jan Vandez Capelle, c.1635 to after 1680. Frans van Mieris the elder, 1635-81. His sons Jan and Willein were both painters. Melchior de Hondecoeter, 1636-95. Jan Hackaert, c. 1636-1 708. Jan van der Heyden, 1637-1712. Meindert Hobbema, 1638-1709. Adrian Vandevelde, 1639-72. Gaspard Netscher, 1639-84. Daniel Mytens the younger, c.1644- c.1688. Jan Weenix, 1644-1719. Jan van Huchtenburg, 1646-1733. Van der Plaas, 1647-1704. Wil. van Mieris, 1662-1744. Jan van Huysum, 1682-1749. Frans van Mieris the younger, 168P- 1763. Jan van Os, 1744-1808. A large number of mostly third-rate painters existed hi the 16th and 17th centuries. 5. Spanish School. Antonio del Rincon, 1446-1500. Alonso Beruguete, 1480-1561. Luis de Vargas, 1502-68. Juan de Juanes (Vicente Joanes), 1506- 79. His chief pupil was Borras. Liiis de Morales, c. 1510-86. Alonso Sanchez Coello, c.1512-90. Gasper Becerra, 1520-70. Francisco de Ribalta, c.1550-1628. Juan de las Roelas, 1558-1625. Francisco Pacheco, 1571-1654. Francisco de Herrera the elder, b. 1576, and his son known as Fran- cisco "El Mozo." Engenio Caxes, 1577-1642. Juan de Ribalta, 1597-1628. Francisco Zurbaran, 1598-1662. Diego Velazquez de Silva, 1599-1660. Francisco Collantes, 1599-1656. Espinosa, 1600-80. Alonso Cano, 1601-67. Juan Carrefio de Miranda, 1614-85. Bartolome Esteban Murillo, 1618-82. Juan de Valdes, 1630-91. Claudio Coello, 1635-93. Francisco Goya, 1746-1828. Mariano Fortuny, 1838-74.
