X CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XX.
nXICAN LAND TTTLKL
1861-1887.
PAOB
The Coloiusatioii System— Land Orants by Spain and Mexico— -Informal- itiee of Title— Treaty Obligations of the United States— Effect of the Gold Discovery — ^The Squatters — ^Reports of Jones and Halleck — Discussions in Congress — Fremcmt, Benton, and Gwin — ^The Act of 1851 — ^The Land Commiasion — ^Progress and Statistics of Litigation — Principles — ^Floating Grants — Surveys — Fraudulent Claims— Speci- men Cases — Castillero— Frteont — Gomes — ^Limantour — Peralta — — SantiUan — Sutter — iVallejo — Mission Lands — Friars, Neophytes, and Church — Pico's Sales — Archbishop's Claim — ^Pueblo Lands — The Case of San Francisco— Statistics of 1880 — More of Squatterism — Black and Jones — Attempts to Reopen Litigation — General Conclu- sions— ^The Act of 1851 Oppressive and Ruinous — ^What should have been Done 529
CHAPTER XXI.
FILIBU8TBBINO. 1860-1860.
Attractions of Spanish America to Unprincipled Men of the United States — ^Filibustering in Texas — ^The Morehead Expedition from California to Mexico — Failure — Charles de Pindray's Efforts and Death — Raoulx de Raousset-Boulbon's Attempts at Destruction — Capture of Hermosillo and Return to San Francisco — ^Trial of Del Valle— Raousset's Death at Guaymas — Walker's Operations — ^Re- public of Lower California — Walker in Sonora — Walker in Nicara- gua— His Execution in Honduras — Crabb, the Stockton Lawyer. . . . 582
CHAPTER XXn.
7INAH0B8.
1840-1860.
An Empty Treasury— Temporary State Loan Act— State Debt— Licenses and Taxation — Blxtravagance and Peculation — Alarming Liorease of Debt — ^Bonds — State Indebtedness Illegal — ^Repudiation Rejected — Thieving Officials — Enormous Payments to Steamship Companies — Federal Appropriations— Indian Agents — Mint — ^Navy-yard — Fortifi- cations— Coast Survey — ^Land Commission — ^Public Lands — Home- stead Act — Educatioxud Interests — ^The People above All 604
CHAPTER XXm.
POLITICAL HiarroBT.
1850-1854.
Quality of our Early Rulers — Governor Burnett— (Governor McDoogal — Senatorial Election — Sowing Dragon's Teeth — ^Democratio Conven-
