Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 1).djvu/711

Boats of the barbarians of the Euxine, description of, by Tacitus, p. 193 Boats of Skin on Assyrian sculptures, in use in Mesopotamia, Introd. p. xxiv —— noticed by Pliny as common in British waters, and occasionally still met with in Wales and called Coracles, Introd. pp. xxiv-xxv Boroughs, English, in the time of Edward the Confessor, nearly all in the hands of the King or of the nobility, p. 369 Bristol, trade from, to Iceland as early as King John, p. 393 Britain, position of, an island with dangerous coasts, rough seas and sandbanks, p. 299 ——, its vessels at first, according to Cæsar, with ribs and keels of light wood covered with leather, p. 299 ——, first known only to the Phœnicians or neighbouring tribes of the Continent, p. 301 ——, not noticed by any writer between the invasions of Cæsar and of the Emperor Claudius, p. 312 ——, list of towns in, recorded by Ptolemy, pp. 313-314 —— possessed a coinage of gold on Greek models before the time of Cæsar, p. 315, note

—— for the first time "Mistress of the Seas" under the strong rule of Carausius, p. 326

——, commerce of, at the time of the Conquest, in wool, lead, tin, iron, and slaves, p. 366

Britons closely connected with the Gauls, p. 302

—— ultimately gainers by the acquaintance they obtained with Rome through Cæsar's invasions, p. 312

—— had no fleet wherewith to resist the invasions of the Northmen, p. 340

Bucentaur, state-barge of the Doge of Venice, historical details of, pp. 475-7


Cæsar, Julius, various reasons of, for invasion of Britain, p. 303

—— unable to obtain from the Gauls any information about Britain, p. 304

——, first invasion of Britain, Aug. 26, B.C. 55, with, perhaps, 8000 men in 80 galleys, p. 305

Cæsar, Julius, second invasion, B.C. 54, with, perhaps, 21,000 men and 2000 cavalry, p. 307

——, in second invasion, crosses the Thames, probably between Walton and Shepperton, and beats Cassivelaunus, pp. 310-311

——, invasions of Britain by, admitted by Tacitus and other Roman writers to have been only discoveries, p. 311

Canute ascends the throne, A.D. 1016, visits Rome and makes a treaty with Emperor Conrad in favour of the English pilgrims, and increases the number of mints in England, p. 360

Canynge, William, a celebrated merchant of Bristol in reign of Edw. IV., pp. 455-6

Caractacus, celebrated speech of, p. 315

Carausius, a Menapian soldier, seizes the fleet of Maximian, and reigns in Britain seven years, p. 197

Caravans, earliest notice of, in Genesis, ch. xxxvii., p. 25

——, route of Scythian, through Mongolia, Balkh, to N. of India and China, pp. 42-43

——, up to the time of Solomon, the only means of communication with the East, presumably used in the time of Moses—certainly in that of Gideon, pp. 86-7

——, conduct and management of, pp. 88-92

——, the more important routes of of, pp. 89-99

——, south-eastern from Petra to Yemen, and along Arabian Gulf to Ophir (Saphar), northern from Tyre to the nations along the Black Sea, and southern from Tyre to Egypt, pp. 89-90

——, by Palmyra to Thapsacus and Mesopotamia, pp. 94-95

——, from Thapsacus through Palestine to Memphis, and two routes from Petra—both terminating at Gerrha, p. 95

——, route from Opis to Aradus, from Susa northwards, and thence to Candahar, &c., and from Susa, through Caspian gates, by Herât, Kâbul, and Peucela, to Central Asia, pp. 98-99