energy, and great benevolence. During his professorial life in Glasgow, he was not idle as an author. He wrote several treatises for the use of his students. One of these, a small logical manual, not meant for the public, is an abridgment of the Port Royal Logic; another, entitled "Synopsis Metaphysicæ," proves his acquaintance with the relative doctrines of Aristotle and the schools. In 1742 he published his "Philosophiæ Moralis Institutio Compendiaria," which he afterwards translated into English. Two works of Hutcheson were given to the world after his death—the one "Reflections upon Laughter, and Remarks on the Fable of the Bees," published in 1750, was composed chiefly of papers which appeared in an ephemeral form when he was principal of the academy in Dublin; the other "A System of Moral Philosophy," in two volumes, published in 1755 from the original manuscript by his son Francis Hutcheson, M.D., was meant to present his philosophy in its most matured form. His Life, by his colleague and beloved friend Dr. Leechman, professor of theology, and afterwards principal, in the Glasgow university, is prefixed to the second of these works. A tract entitled "Considerations on Patronages, addressed to the Gentlemen of Scotland," appeared anonymously in 1735; it was published as Hutcheson's some years after his death. It is a temperate vindication of the rights of the presbyterian gentry and elders, alike against the act of 1711 which restored patronage, and against the proposal to vest the election of ministers indiscriminately in the people. The sixteen years in which Hutcheson occupied the chair of ethics in Glasgow witnessed important additions to the Scottish literature of philosophy. About 1735 Andrew Baxter published his Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul, which was criticised in that year in Jackson's Dissertation on Matter and Spirit. Dr. Turnbull's Principles of Moral Philosophy dates in 1740. Above all, Hume's Treatise on Human Nature appeared in 1739, followed by his Inquiry concerning Human Understanding in 1742. Two interesting letters of Hume to Hutcheson are contained in Mr. Burton's Life of that philosopher. Hutcheson and Hume agreed in the application of the experimental method to mental and moral research. Both professed to treat ethics and metaphysics as conversant with matters of fact and experience. But they interpreted the record differently. The experience of human nature, which was analyzed by Hume into speculative scepticism, afforded to Hutcheson and Reid the intellectual and moral instincts on which they based our knowledge theoretically as well as practically. In Hutcheson's doctrine of the internal sense and the moral sense, we find that habitual appeal to common reason which marks the philosophy of Reid. The vindication, as essential elements of human nature, of the benevolent affections, and of an instinctive determination to be pleased by beauty and by virtue, are fundamental parts of the teaching of Hutcheson. They illustrate a method and class of results, in the study of man, which more recent reflection has still more fully illustrated. The experienced eye may detect the analogy of these principles of Hutcheson, and his method of defending them, to the philosophical doctrine which dominated in Scotland during the latter part of the last century and the early part of the present, forming one of the most valuable and influential phases of philosophical opinion.—A. C. F.
HUTCHINS, John, the historian of Dorsetshire, was born in September, 1698, at Bradford-Peverel, of which his father was curate. Receiving a university education he took holy orders, and after various changes of residence, became in 1733 rector of Melcombe-Horsey, and in 1744 was presented to the living of Wareham. With the rectory of Melcombe-Horsey he acquired a competent income, which enabled him to devote himself to the study of antiquities, especially those of his native county. He died in 1773; and in the following year, partly edited by Gough, and published through the liberality of the gentlemen of the county, appeared his more valuable than lucid or lively "History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset," in two folio volumes. A second edition, enlarged and improved, was undertaken at the expense of his son-in-law, with the editorial assistance of Gough and Nichols, and after various vicissitudes, was completed by the publication of the fourth volume in 1815.—F. E.
HUTCHINS, Thomas, chaplain to the British army in America, and subsequently geographer-general of the United States, was born in Monmouth county, New Jersey, about the year 1730, and died in 1789. He published a "Historical Sketch of the Expedition of Bouquet against the Indians of Ohio" in 1764; a "Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Carolina" in 1778; and a similar account of Louisiana, West Florida, and Philadelphia in 1784.—G. BL.
HUTCHINSON, John, the author of "Moses Principia," and the founder of the sect called Hutchinsonians, was born in 1674 at the village of Spennithorne in Yorkshire. After receiving the usual elementary instruction at the village school, he enjoyed the advantage of private tuition from a gentleman lodging in his father's house, and who seems to have afforded him an excellent English education. It was the elder Hutchinson's purpose to qualify his son by this means for a position as steward to one of the neighbouring gentry, and at the age of nineteen, without seeking academical honours, the young man obtained an appointment of the desired kind in the establishment of Mr. Bathurst. He subsequently transferred his services in the same capacity to Lord Scarborough and the duke of Somerset, master of the horse to George I. In the course of his travels with his last employer over several parts of England, Hutchinson made a valuable and extensive collection of fossils, which was eventually presented to the university of Cambridge. The duke proved a liberal patron to him. As master of the horse he bestowed upon him the sinecure of purveyor to the royal stables, and on his nomination his grace gave the living of Sutton in Sussex to Hutchinson's intimate friend, Julius Bate. The works of Hutchinson extend to thirteen volumes; but the publication by which he is best known is the "Principia," the first part of which appeared in 1724, and the second in 1727. The "Principia" propounds, in opposition to the Newtonian theory of gravitation, the dogma of a plenum and air. The leading idea in the author's mind seems to have been, that the Hebrew scriptures contained the elements and root of all religion and philosophy; and starting at this point, he acquired a habit of reading in every radix of the primeval language some recondite and momentous signification, and of construing holy writ in its typical, not its literal sense. The peculiar class of opinions held by this writer on ethical and theological subjects, has in our time few admirers and still fewer disciples; yet in his own day Hutchinson was regarded as a leading spirit, and a large number of persons became converts to his views. Among his followers may be mentioned Bishop Horne; Jones of Nayland; Julius Bate; Dr. Hodge, provost of Oriel; Dr. Wetherall, master of University college; and Parkhurst the lexicographer: but the Hutchinsonian tenets have long been considered as obsolete, and rank among exploded fallacies. Hutchinson has written an outline of a portion of his life in a work entitled "A Treatise of Power, Essential and Mechanical;" but the language of this autobiographical sketch is too obscure and uncouth, and the style too rambling and loose, to possess much attraction for those not specially devoted to mystical literature: and these blemishes of manner probably furnish, to some extent, the reason why his writings are so entirely neglected and forgotten. Nevertheless, the author of the "Principia" deserves notice as a speculative and independent thinker on the anti-Newtonian side of the question. As a mechanic, Hutchinson exhibited considerable ability and inventive power, and his chronometer for the discovery of the longitude at sea received general approbation; even Newton, his opponent in philosophy and metaphysics, according it unqualified praise. He died on the 28th August, 1737. His works, in thirteen volumes, were not collected till several years after his decease.—W. C. H.
HUTCHINSON, John Hely. See Donoughmore.
HUTCHINSON, John Hely, an Irishman whose name was Hely, to which he added that of Hutchinson on his accession, through his wife, to the estate of the Hutchinsons of Knocklofty. The date of his birth is not recorded. He passed through Trinity college, Dublin, with some distinction, was called to the bar in 1748, rose rapidly in his profession, obtained a seat in the house of commons, and ranging himself among the opposition, became so formidable from his political knowledge and oratorical powers, that he attracted the attention of the government, got a silk gown, and in 1762 the prime sergeantcy. In 1774 he was made provost of Trinity college, and retired from the bar. His new office was not a bed of roses; and his discomfort was in part caused by his own projects to relax college discipline, to add a gymnasium, and introduce fencing, dancing, and horsemanship into the curriculum. He was assailed by a storm of wit and ridicule, in which the clever but eccentric Dr. Duigenan took a conspicuous share, lampooning the provost under the
