part of the present century. His name is well known as an oriental scholar of considerable attainments. He is the author of a copious grammar of the Hindustani language, published in 1847, and of an admirable guide to India, and has translated Francis Bopp's (see, Bopp F.) elaborate work—A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit and Indo-European Languages, edited by Professor Wilson.—E. W.
EATON, John, an English divine, was born in Kent in 1575, and died in 1641. He studied at Trinity college, Oxford, and after serving a curacy for several years, became "minister and preacher" at Wickham-Market in Suffolk. He was the author of two works—"The Discovery of a most Dangerous Dead Faith," and "The Honeycomb of Free Justification"—for the latter of which he was imprisoned in the Gate House, Westminster. He seems to have held extreme views in the article of free grace, and is by some regarded as the founder of antinomianism, which, however, existed prior to his times.—R. M., A.
EBBO, Archbishop of Rheims, was librarian to Louis le Debonnaire. Commissioned by Pope Paschal I., he became a missionary to the Danes, and preached among them with much success. He was raised to the see of Rheims in 816. When Lothaire and Pepin, sons of Louis, revolted against their father in 830, Ebbo joined in the revolt and was deposed in consequence; but at the council of Ingelsheim he was restored. He was again driven away with Lothaire, when the latter was overpowered by his brothers in 834. There are some remains of the writings of Ebbo in D'Achery's "Spicilegium Scriptorum Galliæ," and "Canisii Lectiones Antiquæ."—J. B. J.
EBDON, John, was appointed organist of the cathedral of Durham in 1763, in which situation he remained until the period of his death in 1811. He published two volumes of "Sacred Music for the use of the Choir of Durham," and has long enjoyed the reputation of being the composer of a double chant in C, which chant, however, has recently been found in a rare volume of anthems and chants by Dr. Richard Woodward, organist of St. Patrick's cathedral, Dublin, published in 1767, when Ebdon was four years old.—E. F., R.
EBED-JESU, a Syrian bishop and writer, surnamed Bar Bricha, born of Chaldean parentage; died in 1318. He was for some years bishop of Sigara and Arabia, and became in 1290 metropolitan of Soba and Armenia. He left fourteen works, some of which have of late years occupied the attention of distinguished European scholars. His "Collection of the Canons of Councils," translated by one of the Assemanis, has been published by Maï in his Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio, 1825-38. A catalogue of ecclesiastical writers in Syriac verse; a poem, "The Paradise of Eden;" and a dogmatical work entitled "The Book of the Pearl," also bear the name of Ebed-Jesu.—J. S., G.
EBED-JESU, a Syrian bishop and writer of the sixteenth century, successively bishop of Djezirat and patriarch of the Chaldeans, i.e. Nestorian christians, who had returned to the communion of the Church of Rome. He had his election to the latter dignity ratified at Rome in 1562. He was a man of remarkable erudition. He wrote a poem on his journey to Rome, and one in praise of Pius IV. His profession of faith was read at one of the Trentine councils.—J. S., G.
EBEL, Johann Gottfried, a distinguished German writer on geology. He was born at Züllichau in Neumark, on the 6th of October, 1764. He commenced the study of medicine at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and afterwards proceeded to Vienna and Switzerland. In 1792 he proceeded to Frankfort-on-the-Main, where he settled as a medical practitioner; and in 1796 he went to Paris, and became acquainted with the Abbé Sieyes and many of the men of the Revolution in France, and translated the abbé's works into German. Wearied with the political turmoil of France, he retreated to Zurich in Switzerland, in 1801, having obtained the citizenship of the Helvetian republic. He now devoted himself to his favourite science of geology, and wrote several works explanatory of the geology of Switzerland and its natural products. He wrote a work on "The People of Switzerland." He is most popularly known by his "Guide to Travellers in Switzerland." He died at Zurich on the 8th of October, 1830.—E. L.
EBELING, Christoph Daniel, born at Garmissen, near Hildesheim, in 1741; studied theology at Göttingen; was fond of the study of languages; learned English, and set up a commercial school at Hamburg; wrote reviews of musical works in the Hamburg and Hanoverian journals; translated Chastellaux's Essay on the Union of Poetry and Music, and Burney's Travels; in conjunction with Klopstock brought out a translation of Handel's Messiah in 1782; in 1784 obtained a professorship of history and Greek at Hamburg, and was appointed librarian of the stadtbibliothek. Ebeling was a man of great erudition and unceasing industry. Of his numerous contributions to literature the "Geography and History of the United States of North America" is the most important. He received a vote of thanks for it from congress. He died outworn with literary work in 1817. He was for the last ten years of his life quite deaf.—J. A. D.
EBELMEN, Jacques Joseph, an eminent French chemist, born at Beaume-les-Dames in 1814; died in 1852. In the ecole des mines which he entered in 1833, after going through a preparatory course of study at the colleges Henri IV. and Besançon, and the ecole polytechnique, he very soon attracted attention as a youth of great promise; in 1840 he was appointed assistant, and in 1845 chief professor of analysis in this institution, and in 1847 was nominated to the office of director of the manufacture royale of Sevres, with which his name and fame were thenceforth to be most closely connected. To the duties of this responsible situation M. Ebelmen brought, not only scientific resources of the most remarkable kind, but also rare abilities in the way of managing a large number of workmen, and of systematizing a multitude of dissimilar, but connected operations. He was a member of the commission sent by the French government to the Great Exhibition, London. He died a few days after his appointment to the post of engineer-in-chief of mines. The principal part of his contributions, which were numerous, to the scientific journals of Paris have been collected in 2 vols., 8vo., Paris, 1825.—J. S., G.
EBERHARD, Christian August Gottlob, a prolific German writer, was born in 1769 at Belzig, near Brandenburg, and died at Dresden, May 13, 1845. Among the great number of his tales, sketches, essays, and poems, only his graceful epic, "Hannchen und die Küchlein," deserves to be mentioned, which will bring its author down to posterity, and has been translated into English by James Cochrane: Edinburgh, 1854.—K. E.
EBERHARD, Conrad, and his brother Franz, natives of Hindelang in Algau, two celebrated German artists. Conrad was born in 1768, but the date of his death is not verified. Franz, his elder brother, died of cholera in 1836. They were both painters and sculptors, and studied first at Munich, then at Rome, under the patronage of Clement Wenzel, elector of Treves. They generally worked together, so that it is difficult to say to whom is due the credit of the different productions bearing their name. Amongst them are noted—in painting, the "Development," and the "Triumph of Christianity;" in sculpture, a "Muse," a "Faun," a "Leda," and a "Diana"—some of which are now in the Munich glyptotheka; and several monuments, the two in the cathedral of Regensburg especially. Conrad was also a proficient engraver in aquafortis, and from 1816 held the office of professor in the academy of Munich.—R. M.
EBERHARD, Johann August, a voluminous philosophical writer, born in 1739. He studied at the university of Halle, which he left for Berlin on being appointed tutor in the family of Baron von der Horst. While thus employed he prosecuted with ardour the study of theology, and adopting the views of Semler, speedily became involved in controversy with Calvinistic churchmen. In reply to one of his opponents who had asserted that the virtues of the heathen were only splendid vices, Eberhard published at Berlin in 1772 his "Apology for Socrates; or an examination respecting the doctrine relating to the salvation of the heathen." This work gave him a high reputation among philosophers, but it hindered his advancement in the church, and gave rise to a controversy in which Ernesti and Lessing took part against the author. A second part of the "Apology," which appeared in 1778, still further embittered his relations with the Calvinistic party; and in the same year his connection with the ministry, much to his relief, was severed by his being appointed to the chair of philosophy in the university of Halle. His philosophical works are very numerous, and, considered with reference to the object he had in view, viz., to popularize the science of mind, and to apply its principles to the illustration of history and religion, are all remarkable and brilliant productions. Among the most important of them are his "Theorie des Denkens und Empfindens," 1786; "Kurzer Abriss der Metaphysik," 1794; and "Sittenlehre der Ver-
