corresponding with the king's friends, and in July, 1642, openly declared that he held Portsmouth for the king, a declaration which compelled Charles to set up his standard earlier than he intended. He made, however, but a feeble defence when besieged, capitulating on condition that he might transport himself beyond the seas. In 1644 he returned to England, and was immediately employed by the despairing royalists. He distinguished himself at the second battle of Newbury, and was made lieutenant-general of four counties, Hants, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, where the cruelties he committed and permitted made the royal cause odious. He was defeated at Weymouth; he compelled the enemy to raise the siege of Taunton, but the next day was driven disgracefully into Bridgewater, and his army routed. Deprived of his army and become the object of general mistrust, he asked leave to visit France for a time, and never returned. In the Netherlands he obtained a commission of lieutenant-general in the Spanish army. He afterwards served in Spain in the same rank, and died in that country as a dominican friar about 1650. Clarendon, while praising his talents, is very severe on his moral defects.—R. H.
GORIONIDES or BEN GORION, Joseph or Josippon, is supposed to have been a Jew of Languedoc, who lived probably in the early part of the ninth century. There is extant in his name a history of the Jews, written in Hebrew, and divided into six books, which many rabbins, and even several learned christians, strangely believed to be the original Hebrew of the work of Flavius Josephus. A Latin translation was published at Oxford by Gagnier in 1706; and the work has also been translated into English and German.—G. BL.
GORLAEUS, Abraham, a learned antiquarian, born at Antwerp in 1549; died at Delft in 1609. His principal work is "Dactyliotheca, seu annulorum sigillorumque promptuarium," a second part of which was published after the death of the author, under the title of "Variarum gemmarum, quibus antiquitas in signando uti solita, sculpturæ." A French translation of the whole appeared at Paris in 1778.—F. M.
* GOROSTIZA, Manuel Eduardo de, a Spanish diplomatist and author, born in 1790 at Vera Cruz, where his father was governor. At the age of twenty-five he was already favourably known as a writer for the Madrid theatre; but, as a partisan of the revolution of 1820, he was obliged in 1823 to take refuge in England. He was the ambassador employed by his Mexican fellow-countrymen at the courts of London and Paris to obtain the recognition of their independence. On his return to Mexico he was named a councillor of state, and director of the national theatre. Throughout his political course he has continued to devote himself to dramatic literature. Among his works the most esteemed is the comedy "Contigo pan y cebolla" (which may be freely rendered "Love and a crust"); "Las Costumbres de Antaño" (Old Fashions); "Indulgencia para Todos" (Indulgence for all). He has also published a memoir on his mission to the United States.—F. M. W.
* GORRESIO, Gasparo, a distinguished Italian orientalist, born at Bagnasco in Piedmont in 1808, was educated in the college of Mondovi, took his degree of LL.D. in 1830, and, after travelling two years in Germany, was appointed to the chair of history in the military academy at Turin. Having resolved to devote himself to the study of the Indo-Germanic tongues, he went to Paris in 1838 to attend the prelections of Burnouf; and while thus occupied, he conceived the design of publishing an edition of the Sanscrit text of the Ramâyâna accompanied by an Italian translation. This work occupied him upwards of ten years, and was issued from the imperial press in France, with the title "Ramâyâna, poema Sanscrito di Valmici," 10 vols. In 1852 Gorresio was appointed to a chair of Sanscrit in the university of Turin, and he has since been occupied in translating the other great Indian epic, the Mahabhârata.—A. C. M.
GORTER, Jan van, a distinguished Dutch physician, was born at Enckhuysen, Friesland, in 1688. He studied medicine under the great Boerhaave, and after practising some time in his native town, became professor of medicine at Harderwyk in 1725. In the year 1754 he accepted the appointment of private physician to the czar of Russia, but returned to Holland at the end of four years. He died September 11, 1762. He left numerous medical works.—F. M.
GORTSCHAKOW, a noble Russian family of princely rank, which traces its origin from the founders of Muscovite power, Rurik and Wladimir the Great. The most distinguished members of the family are—Peter, born about 1570, who made himself famous by his heroic defence of the t own of Smolensk against the superior forces of the king of Poland, Sigismond III. It was only after a siege of two years that the enemy succeeded in taking the town by storm in 1611.—Dmitri, great-grandson of Peter, born in 1756, and generally admitted to be one of the best of modern Russian poets. He wrote many odes and smaller lyrics, not a few of which are still in favour with the Russian people. His death occurred in 1824.—Alexander, brother of the preceding, was born in 1764, and distinguished himself as a general in the service of Czar Alexander I. He entered the army at an early age as aid-de-camp to his uncle, the celebrated Suwarrow; and having served in the Turkish and Polish campaigns, became general in 1798. In the battle of Zurich, 1799, he commanded under Korsakow, and the year after was nominated military governor of Yyborg. In 1807 he obtained the command of a corps d'armée under General Benningzen, and defeated Marshal Lannes in the battle of Heilsberg. During the invasion of Russia he succeeded Barclay de Tolly as minister of war, and was afterwards member of the council of the emperor. He died in 1825.
* Peter, son of Prince Dmitri Gortschakow the poet, was born about 1790. He took part in the campaigns of 1812 and 1813 against the French, and having obtained the rank of colonel, entered the army of the Caucasus. In 1826 he was nominated to the command of a division of infantry, and after the defeat of the Turks at Aidos, he signed the preliminaries of the treaty of Adrianople. In 1839 he was appointed governor-general of Western Siberia, and by his administrative energy brought that extensive territory into a very flourishing condition. He was likewise instrumental in exploring the banks of the river Amoor down to its mouth, the consequence of which was the recent incorporation of that immense tract of country with the vast empire of the czars. The severity of the climate and consequent physical sufferings compelled the prince to retire from public service in 1851. He has since spent much of his time in foreign travel, chiefly in the southern countries of Europe.
Michael, brother of the preceding, was born in 1795. He entered the army as officer in the artillery of the guard, became chief of the staff of General Rudsewitsch's corps d'armee in 1828, and in the following year directed the siege of the fortresses of Schumla and Silistria. In the Polish campaign of 1831 he commanded the Russian artillery, showed considerable military genius at Ostrolenka, and won high honours at the storming of Warsaw. On the retirement of Count Toll he was nominated adjutant-general, and in 1846 general of artillery and military governor of Warsaw. He was wounded at the battle of Grochow, and promoted for his bravery. He took a leading part in the Hungarian war of 1849, and commanded the Russian army which occupied the Danubian principalities in 1853. In March, 1855, he succeeded Prince Menschikoff in the command of the Crimean army. His skilful defence of Sebastopol against the allied armies of England and France, is reckoned among the greatest military achievements of modern times. High praise has also been accorded him for the skilful manner in which he secured the final retreat of his troops from the burning ruins of the fortress. At the conclusion of hostilities Prince Michael was nominated by Alexander II. Lieutenant-general of the kingdom of Poland. He died May 30th, 1861.
* Alexander, brother of the preceding, was born in 1800. He devoted himself to the diplomatic career, and at the age of twenty-four became Russian secretary of legation at the court of St. James. In 1830 he was promoted to the office of chargé d'affaires at Florence, and in 1832 was appointed councillor to the embassy at Vienna. Nine years afterwards he was sent as ambassador to the king of Würtemberg, and negotiated the marriage of the heir-apparent with the Grand-duchess Olga. From Stuttgart he went in 1850 to Frankfort-on-the-Maine as Russian envoy to the German diet. In 1854 he was sent by the Emperor Nicholas as ambassador extraordinary to Vienna, where he remained till the conclusion of the negotiations for peace in 1855. In April, 1856, he was appointed by Czar Alexander II. minister for foreign affairs.—F. M.
GOSELINI, Giuliano, born at Rome on the 12th of March, 1525, was educated at Nizza, the birthplace of his parents, and at Rome. At the age of seventeen he became private secretary to Ferdinand Gonzaga, viceroy of Sicily, and at the death of his patron was made chief secretary to the dukes of
