Alba and Sessa, successively governors of Milan. He was unjustly imprisoned during the administration of the duke of Albuquerque, but regained his liberty and station under the duke of Terranuova. He died 13th February, 1587, leaving several works, the best of which are "Life of Ferdinand Gonzaga" and "Three Conspiracies."—A. C. M.
GOSLICKI, Laurentius, a learned Pole of the sixteenth century. He studied at Cracow, and latterly at Padua, where he wrote his "Optimo Senatore," which was printed at Venice. This work, translated into English by William Oldisworth, was published at London in 1733. Goslicki, who had entered the church and become a bishop, was made secretary to Sigismund Augustus. He was much employed in political affairs.—J. B—r.
* GOSSE, Nicolas-Louis-François, French historical painter, was born at Paris, October 4, 1789, and entered the école des beaux-arts as a pupil of Vincent in 1804. Since 1808 he has found unceasing occupation under each successive dynasty in painting mural and monumental works. His multitudinous paintings divide themselves into—religious, records of contemporary history for the national buildings and palaces, ceiling pictures, and easel pictures. Many of M. Gosse's decorative works are executed in fresco, distemper, or encaustic. The extent of wall-space covered by him with works of "high art" is prodigious. Much of it would seem little better than scene-painting. Several of his pictures have been engraved.—J. T—e.
* GOSSE, Philip Henry, F.R.S., a distinguished naturalist, was born at Worcester in 1810. After spending his youth at Poole in Dorsetshire, he went in a commercial capacity in 1827 to Newfoundland. In this colony he remained eight years. He afterwards lived in Canada for three years, and in the state of Alabama, U.S., one year. From extreme youth he had a strong liking for natural history, and his predilection for this department of knowledge was deepened by residence in countries so dissimilar in their climates and natural productions as the coasts of Dorsetshire, the pine-clad wilderness of Newfoundland, and the tepid plains of the Southern States. Such changes of scene could not fail to leave on a susceptible mind deep impressions of the contrasts presented by the aspects of nature in different zones of the earth's surface. That Mr. Gosse did not neglect the opportunities he enjoyed of accurate observation in localities little explored by naturalists, he has amply proved in the works which he has since published. In 1839, on his return to England, he wrote his "Canadian Naturalist," 8vo, London, 1840, a very interesting and instructive volume. Five years later, he again crossed the Altantic, this time to Jamaica, the zoology of which he spent two years in investigating. On his arrival in London from this expedition, he published the "Birds of Jamaica," London, 8vo, 1847; and "A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," 8vo, 1851—works not only valuable as contributions to natural history, but acceptable to general readers from their containing graphic descriptions of natural scenery and interesting narratives of personal adventure. While writing various popular treatises on natural history, he took up his abode for the benefit of his health on the Devonshire coast, and there turned his attention to the microscope and its employment in the study of marine animals. He noted, in the course of his researches, the conditions under which these creatures may be kept alive in vessels filled with salt-water. The result of his experiments and observations he recorded in works entitled "A Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast," 1853, 8vo; and the "Aquarium, an Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep," 1854, 8vo. Attractive in style and handsomely illustrated, these volumes contributed to diffuse a taste for the artificial rearing of marine plants, zoophytes, and shell-fish with glass-cases containing water, at first named "Aquaria" by Mr. Gosse, but now known as "Aquavivaria." The most important of his later productions are a "Manual of Marine Zoology for the British Isles," 1855-56; "Omphalos, an attempt to untie the Geological Knot," 1857; and the "Romance of Natural History," 1860. Mr. Gosse is not merely a popular writer on science; he has won for himself a place among scientific men as an original observer by contributions to the learned societies, among which are valuable papers "On the Rotifera," published in the Philosophical Transactions and in the Transactions of the Microscopical Society.—G. B—n.
GOSSELIN, Pascal François Joseph, born at Lille in 1751; died at Paris in 1830. Gosselin travelled in 1772-74, and in 1780, through several parts of Europe, to fix the precise situation of localities mentioned in ancient history. In 1789 the Academy of Inscriptions proposed as a prize question, the geography of the Greeks as exhibited in Strabo; the prize was obtained by Gosselin, whose essay was published in the course of the next year under the title of "La Géographie des Grecs analysée." In 1799 he succeeded the Abbé Barthelemy as conservator of the medals at the Bibliothèque Richelieu. The consular government having determined on the translation of Strabo, Gosselin was employed by them as one of the "collaborateurs," and he supplied most of the geographical notes. In 1816 he became one of the editors of the Journal des Savants.—J. A., D.
GOSSON, Stephen, was born in Kent about the year 1556. At the age of sixteen he was admitted scholar of Christ Church, and after four years' study at Oxford, went up to London, where he became distinguished as a writer of pastorals, perhaps also of plays. Not one of these, however, has been preserved. After some time he removed, according to Wood, to the house of a "worshipful gentleman in the country," to whose sons he was tutor. Here he seems to have come under puritan influences; for we are told that in course of time his aversion to stage plays grew to such a height, and was manifested with such zeal, that the gentleman grew weary of him, and requested him to leave his house. He now studied for orders, and after being ordained, was appointed to the living of Great Wigborough in Essex, and afterwards to that of St. Botolph Without, in London. The time of his death is not known; he was alive in 1615. Meres, in his Wit's Treasury published in 1598, mentions him, in company with Sidney and others, as a good writer of pastorals. In the Censura Litteraria, a commendatory poem by Gosson is presented which possesses considerable merit. His extant writings are—"The School of Abuse," "Plays Confuted," and "The Trumpet of War."—T. A.
GOTAMA, a celebrated Indian philosopher of a remote age. According to the mythical relations of the Râmâyana and the Pourauas, he was born in the Himalaya, where he spent the earlier part of his life in meditation and asceticism. He put away Ahalya his wife, one of the daughters of Brahma, on account of her infidelity, and ended his days in the same mortified manner in which they began. Gotama is chiefly famous as being the reputed author of the Nyaya, a well known system of oriental logic. It was not written by himself, but by his followers, who had treasured up the precepts and instructions of their master. Defective though it be as a system of logic, it is much superior to anything of the kind which has been hitherto elaborated by the Asiatic mind. Sir William Jones, indeed, following a doubtful Greek tradition, asserted that the Nyaya of Gotama is the original of Aristotle's Organon, an opinion which, on the face of it, is untenable, and has been disproved by Saint Hilaire. The Nyaya was published at Calcutta in 1828, and is used as a text-book in the schools in India.—R. M., A.
GOTESCALC. See Gotteschalcus.
GOTH, Bertrand de. See Clement V.
GOTHER, John, a divine of the seventeenth century, was born about the year 1650, at Southampton in Hampshire. His parents were rigid presbyterians, and he was brought up, as he himself tells us, with feelings of strong aversion to catholicism; but about the year 1670—probably through the influence of a catholic relative—he changed his views, and became himself a catholic. By means of the same relative, he was sent to Lisbon, and entered at the English college there. After being ordained priest, he was appointed prefect of studies in the college. Towards the end of the reign of Charles II. he was sent to England, and placed upon the mission, residing principally in London. After the accession of James, Gother was one of the chief disputants on the catholic side, in the fierce controversy which the king's proceedings excited between the churches. On this occasion he published his "Papist Misrepresented and Represented." After the Revolution, he found shelter in the house of a gentleman, with whom he remained till the year 1704. In the autumn of that year he embarked for Lisbon, but was taken ill during the voyage, and died at sea on the 2nd October. He was interred in the chapel of the English college. Gother's works have been collected and published in sixteen volumes 12mo.—T A.
GOTHOFREDUS. See Godefroy.
GOTOFRID, the dates of whose birth and death are unknown, was a learned dominican friar of Waterford, pronounced by Harris to have been "a man, noble, valiant, and wise." He
