been an unrivalled ruler if an overflowing treasury could always have been supplied to him without iniquitous exactions. Hastings left India for ever in 1785. On his arrival in England he was received at court and everywhere else with immense favour, and it was thought that rewards and honours—a peerage among them—would be lavishly conferred on him. But by and by, instead of recompense arose a murmur about punishment. And then that celebrated indictment was prepared, that celebrated process begun, which afforded Burke, Fox, and Sheridan an opportunity for the display of their eloquence, but which, in every other respect, was wholly fruitless. After a lingering trial of over seven years, the acquittal of Hastings in April, 1795, was pronounced by a large majority of the house of peers. One of his most innocent yearnings had been satisfied; he became owner of Daylesford, where literature, the embellishment of his mansion, agricultural, horicultural experiments varied his leisure. The prodigious expenses of every kind connected with his defence in Westminster hall made him poor; his careless and expensive habits kept him so. The East India Company, however, always acted toward him with consummate generosity. In 1813 he appeared at the bar of the house of commons to be examined on points relating to the renewal of the East India Company's charter; he was received not merely with respect, but with warmth. Subsequently the house of lords was not less ardent in its demonstrations, which perhaps he valued more than the cheering of the undergraduates at Oxford when the degree of doctor of laws was conferred on him. In 1814 he was presented by the prince regent to the allied sovereigns, and this led to a renewal of his dream about a peerage. He was, however, again disappointed. As long as Mrs. Hastings survived it would have been awkward making him a peer, as she, besides being the daughter of a gardener at Stuttgart—of French origin—named Chapuset, had been what the Germans call a freudenmädchen. Warren Hastings died on the 22nd August, 1818. The same year was fatal to his ancient opponent Francis. Hastings, whose enterprises were so gigantic, was small in stature, but vigorous in frame. His misfortune was that, born a gentleman and educated a scholar, he had to begin life as a commercial adventurer. Government was to him an audacious commercial speculation, which he strove in vain to hide by viceregal splendours.—W. M—l.
HATCHER, Thomas, became a fellow of Eton college in 1555. Little is known of him but that he was a learned antiquary, and that to his memoirs of persons educated at Eton college up to the year 1572, Harwood was much indebted in the compilation of his Alumni Etonenses. He published the Lucubrationes and Poemata of his contemporary, the eminent Latinist, Walter Hadden.—F. E.
HATFIELD, Thomas, the warlike bishop of Durham from 1345 to 1381, was the second son of Sir Walter Hatfield of Holdernesse. He was educated among the secular clergy, and a year after his consecration he appeared at the siege of Calais with eighty archers. King Edward appointed him tutor to the prince of Wales, subsequently known as the Black Prince. Hatfield also held the prebendary of Oxgate in Middlesex and the rectory of Debden in Essex. He succeeded Richard de Bury in the see of Durham. According to Froissart, Hatfield accompanied Lord Percy to Scotland as a leader of the English forces in the bloody battle of Nevill's Cross. After this victory, so important to the security of Durham, Bishop Thomas ruled the church and the palatinate of Durham in profound tranquillity for thirty-six years, appearing only once as a commissioner on the Scottish border, and engaging in no political intrigue. He built Durham Place in the Strand, London. He also founded Durham House (since Trinity college), Oxford. He ordered a "survey and record of the possessions of the see of Durham," which was printed in 1857 by the Surtees Society.—R. H.
HATSELL, John, chief clerk of the house of commons, was born about 1742, educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, and entered at the Middle temple, of which he became senior bencher. He became chief clerk in 1768, and retired in 1797. The most important of his works is "Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons," published in 1781, which reached a fourth edition in 1818, and was long a text-book. He died on the 15th October, 1820.—F. E.
HATTO VERCELLENSIS. See Atton.
HATTON, Sir Christopher, Lord Chancellor of England, and favourite of Queen Elizabeth, was born in 1540 at Holdenby in Northamptonshire, his father's seat. Educated at Oxford, he became a student of law at the Inner temple in 1560. It was probably at some masque that his handsome person and graceful bearing attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, who appointed him in June, 1564, one of her gentlemen-pensioners. In 1568 he contributed the fourth act to Tancred and Gismund, which was acted before the queen, Hatton himself playing a part. The keepership of Eltham park and grants of various kinds had been bestowed on him, and he was nominated a gentleman of the privy chamber. The affectionate terms of the queen's correspondence with him, has given rise to suspicions of a peculiar intimacy between the sovereign and her courtier. He entered the house of commons in 1571 as member for Higham Ferrers, exchanging it for Northampton in 1572, in which latter year he was appointed captain of the queen's guard. Grants, pensions, and monopolies were showered upon him. In 1577 he was appointed vice-chamberlain, sworn of the privy council, and knighted. Ministers consulted him on every important point, and the queen appears to have employed her vice-chamberlain as her organ of communication with parliament. He was one of the commissioners for the trial of Mary Queen of Scots, and in a few weeks after her execution he was appointed (April, 1587) lord chancellor. He made in some measure amends for his want of law by care and industry. He procured the assistance of masters in chancery, and his decisions are said to have been wise and impartial. He died of diabetes on the 20th November, 1591. In 1847 Sir Harris Nicolas published from original sources. Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton, &c.—F. E.
HAUBOLD, Christian Gottlieb, an eminent German jurisconsult, was born at Dresden in 1766, and studied at Leipsic under eminent teachers. In 1786 he commenced a series of readings on the history of Roman law, which created a great sensation. In 1788 he received his doctor's diploma, and in 1789 was appointed professor extraordinary of the antiquities of law. With Hugo and Savigny, he was one of the founders of what is known as the "historical school of jurisprudence." Haubold's numerous works are chiefly on Roman law. He died in March, 1824. His library, purchased by the emperor of Russia, and by him presented to the university of Abo, was destroyed by fire in 1827.—W. J. P.
HAUFF, Wilhelm, a German novelist, was born at Stuttgart on 29th November, 1802, and died prematurely on 18th November, 1827. His novel, "Lichtenstein," and also his tales and mährchen, still enjoy merited popularity.—K. E.
HAUG, Johann Christoph Friedrich, a German poet, was born on 19th March, 1761, at Niederstotzingen, Wurtemberg, and died at Stuttgart on 30th January, 1829. Among his poems his epigrams, more especially his "Two Hundred Hyperboles on Mr. Wahl's Nose," are the most celebrated.—K. E.
HAUGHTON, William, a dramatist and contemporary of Shakspeare, wrote the comedy of "Englishmen for my Money, or a woman will have her will," and with Dekker and Chettle, the play of "Patient Grissell," a reprint of which was edited by Mr. J. P. Collier for the Shakspeare Society in 1841. Haughton f igures in Henslowe's Diary during the closing years of the sixteenth century.—F. E.
HAUGWITZ, Christian Heinrich Karl, a Prussian statesman, born in Silesia in 1752. In 1792 he became Prussian minister for foreign affairs, and conducted the negotiations which led to the peace of Basle. He was rewarded for his services by the grant of estates in Posen. After Austerlitz, Haugwitz signed the treaty by which Prussia, in exchange for Hanover, ceded Anspach, Cleves, and Neufchâtel to France. This treaty excited much indignation. An ignominious peace was followed by an imprudent war, and in one day Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army. Haugwitz was present at Jena, and shared in the king's flight. Weary of politics, he returned to his estates, and lived there until ill health drove him to Italy. He died at Venice in 1832. In 1837 fragments of his unpublished memoirs appeared at Jena.—W. J. P.
HAUKAL, Abul Kasem Mohammed Ibn, a famous traveller and writer, was born early in the tenth century, probably at Bagdad, and in 942 he set out on commercial pursuits, which appear to have continued at least eight-and-twenty years. During his peregrinations in Mahometan countries he collected the materials for his celebrated work "Al Mesalik we al Memalik." In this work he incorporates what he had learned about the countries he had visited, including observations on geography,
