mercantile matters, political and social institutions, history, and other subjects. The work has been objected to as prolix in style and defective in names and dates. In 1800 Ouseley published what he believed to be a translation of a Persian version of the "Mesalik," but Uylenbröck has shown in his dissertation on Haukal that it was a different work. Further information respecting; Haukal and portions of his geography may be found in the works of Uylenbröck, Sprenger, Gildemeister, Amari, Frähn, and others. The manuscripts of the work are said to be rare.—B. H. C.
HAUKSBEE, Francis, an English physical inquirer, was born in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and died about 1713. He became fellow of the Royal Society in 1705. He made experimental researches in different branches of physical science. He proved, amongst other facts, the lateral communication of motion in air; improved the air-pump; and was the first who used glass in the electrical machine. Most of the results of his labours were collected in 1709 in a quarto volume, entitled "Physico-Mechanical Experiments."—W. J. M. R.
* HAUPT, Moritz, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Zittau on 27th July, 1808, and studied at Leipsic, where, in 1838, he was appointed professor-extraordinary. From political motives he was dismissed in 1851, but in 1853 was called to the chair vacated by the death of Lachmann at Berlin. Professor Haupt particularly excels by his intimate knowledge of MSS. and his critical acumen.—K. E.
HAUPTMANN, Moritz, a musician, was born at Dresden in 1794. His father, an architect, intended him for his own profession, and allowed him to study music as a recreation; but his greater disposition for this than for the pursuit to which his father had destined him, induced the architect to relinquish his purpose, and to send his son in 1811 to complete his studies under Spohr, who was then concertmeister at Gotha. In 1812 Hauptmann obtained an engagement as violinist in the royal chapel at Dresden, which he resigned the following year on being persuaded to try his fortunes in Russia, where he was very successful. He returned to Germany in 1818, but had no fixed appointment, until in 1822 he was engaged as violinist in the ducal chapel at Cassel. He held this appointment for many years, during which his constant intercourse with his old master, who was then kappellmeister at Cassel, powerfully confirmed the impression Hauptmann had received from his former instructions. He produced at the theatre of Cassel an opera called "Mathilde;" and published while resident in that town some violin quartets, sonatas for pianoforte and violin, and other instrumental pieces; and some masses and other ecclesiastical works which are greatly esteemed. In one of his vacations Hauptman made an artistic tour in Italy. He finally quitted Cassel to undertake the office of organist and choir master of the Thomaskirche in Leipsic, the post formally held by Bach, which gave him great opportunity to exercise his talent for sacred composition. On the opening of the conservatorium in this city, founded by Mendelssohn, Hauptmann was appointed professor of counterpoint—an office whose duties he most efficiently discharged. He died on the 4th of January, 1868.—G. A. M.
HAUTEFEUILLE, Jean de, a French ecclesiastic, physicist, and mechanic, was born at Orleans on the 20th of March, 1647, and died there on the 18th of October, 1724. His mechanical contrivances were very numerous and ingenious; amongst them was the application of a spiral spring to regulate the oscillations of the balance-wheel of a watch, which he communicated to the Academy of Sciences in 1674. There is no reason to suppose that Hautefeuille was acquainted with Hooke's previous invention, published in 1658. The writings of Hautefeuille are contained in a number of separate tracts, which are very scarce.—W. J. M. R.
HAUTERIVE, Alexandre Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, Comte d', a celebrated French diplomatist, was born at Aspres, in the department of the Higher Alps, in 1754. He was educated as an oratorian, but never took orders. Attracting the notice of the duc de Choiseul, he was attached to the French embassy at Constantinople, and was subsequently appointed French secretary to the hospodar of Moldavia. Returning to Paris he married a rich widow, but was utterly ruined during the French revolution. After many vicissitudes and misfortunes he rendered himself useful to Bonaparte by a memoir vindicating the coup d'état of 18th Brumaire, and he was subsequently employed by the emperor whenever he needed a thoughtful counsellor or an able writer. In 1807 he was named director of the national archives; and at times he held, ad interim, the office of minister for foreign affairs. He took a warm and fruitful interest in Greek and Roman iconography. After the fall of the emperor he lived in retirement, from which he could only be drawn by the personal desire of Louis XVIII. In 1817 he published a work on the "Elements of Political Economy;" a work on Moldavia followed in 1824; and several other publications proceeded from his pen. He died in 1830, leaving behind him some memoirs which still remain unpublished.—W. J. P.
HAUTPOUL-SALETTE, Jean Joseph d', was born in Languedoc in 1754. At fifteen he entered the army as a volunteer, and by the year 1792 had obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After distinguishing himself in many actions, he was appointed inspector-general of the French cavalry. At the battle of Austerlitz D'Hautpoul led on twelve regiments of horse, in one unbroken line and with irresistible impetuosity, against the Russian forces, carrying everything before him. In the Prussian war of 1806 his valour, decision, and skill, contributed materially to the success of Napoleon at Jena. At the battle of Eylau he led, with his accustomed courage and success, three charges of cuirassiers, but in the third he was mortally wounded, and on the 15th February, 1807, he expired.—W. J. P.
HAUY, René Just, a celebrated mineralogist, born on the 28th of February, 1743, at St. Just, a small town in France. He was the son of a poor weaver; but owing to the kindness of friends he was placed under the tuition of a monk, and afterwards went to Paris to finish his education. Here, in order to add to his slender finances, he accepted the situation of singing boy in a chapel, and in progress of time he was fortunate enough to obtain a bursary in the college of Navarre, where he prosecuted his studies with such success that, after taking his degrees, he became professor at the early age of twenty-one years. He devoted his attention at first principally to botany, but soon afterwards directed it to mineralogy. His labours in this department of science were rewarded by the discovery of the law of crystallization, which he completely established. At the breaking out of the Revolution Hauy was imprisoned, but was soon released, and his blameless life secured him from any further molestation. From Napoleon he received, among other honours, a pension, of which he was deprived at the second restoration. In 1802 he became professor of mineralogy in the jardin des plantes; and so great was his fame, that students flocked to him from all parts of Europe. He died from the effects of an accident on the 3rd of June, 1822, aged seventy-nine years. Few philosophers possessed more genuine merit and true modesty than Hauy; and his discoveries entitle him to be ranked with Newton and a few other great men, who have succeeded in laying open the mysteries of the material world. Hauy found leisure to publish a number of works, and a great many detached papers on mineralogy.—W. B—d.
HAUY, Valentin, a younger brother of the celebrated mineralogist, was born at Picardy in 1745. Whilst filling a situation as translator in the ministry of foreign affairs, his attention was drawn to the subject of educating the blind by observing the performances of a blind pianist who visited Paris in 1783. He caused letters and figures to be constructed in relief, and in six months, by means of his invention, succeeded in teaching a blind mendicant to read, cypher, and understand the elementary principles of geography and music. A house in which Hauy was to develope his system was provided for him in the Rue Notre-Dame des Victoires in 1784. He was summoned to Versailles with his pupils, and the king, astonished at his success, took the new establishment under his patronage. He was incompetent, however, as a practical administrator, and his institution fell into difficulties and disrepute. Discouraged by his want of success, and also afflicted by domestic trials, he left France; and establishments were formed under his directions at Berlin, and subsequently at St. Petersburg. Despite the partial failure of the latter, Hauy's earnestness and zeal were recognized by the Emperor Alexander, who gave him the order of Saint Vladimir; but he returned to France a broken man, lived in retirement with his brother, and died in 1822. His method is explained in his "Essai sur l'Education des Aveugles."—W. J. P.
HAVELOCK, Sir Henry, K.C.B. and major-general, very eminent among the military heroes who aided in saving our
