Hydraulic experiments.
Part 1.
Experiments on Hydraulic Motors.
Experiments upon the Tremont Turbine.
1. Until within a few years, the water-wheels in use in the principal manufacturing establishments in New England, were what are there generally called breast wheels, sometimes known also by the name of pitch back wheels. They are the same in principle as the overshot-wheel, the useful effect being produced, almost entirely, by the simple weight of the water in the buckets, and differing only from the overshot-wheel in this, that the water is not carried entirely over the top of the wheel, but is let into the buckets near the top, but on the opposite side from that adopted for the overshot-wheel. An apron, fitting as closely as practicable to the wheel, is used to prevent the water leaving the buckets, until it reaches very nearly the bottom of the wheel.
In Lowell, these wheels have been constructed principally of wood, many of them of very large dimensions. Those in the mills of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, for instance, are thirty feet in diameter, with buckets twelve feet long. Four of the mills belonging to this company, have two such wheels in each of them.
Until the year 1844, the breast wheel, as above described, was considered here the most perfect wheel that could be used. Much prejudice existed here, as elsewhere, against the reaction wheels; a great number of which had, however, been used throughout the country, in the smaller mills, and with great advantage; for, although they usually gave a very small effect in proportion to the quantity of water expended, their cheapness, the small space required for them, their greater velocity, being less
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