impeded by backwater, and not requiring expensive wheelpits of masonry, were very important considerations; and in a country where water power is so much more abundant than capital, the economy of money was generally of greater importance than the saving of water.
A vast amount of ingenuity has been expended by intelligent millwrights, on these wheels; and it was said, several years since, that not less than three hundred patents relating to them, had been granted by the United States Government. They continue, perhaps as much as ever, to be the subject of almost innumerable modifications. Within a few years, there has been a manifest improvement in them, and there are now several varieties in use, in which the wheels themselves are of simple forms, and of single pieces of cast-iron, giving a useful effect approaching sixty per cent. of the power expended.
2. The attention of American engineers was directed to the improved reaction water-wheels in use in France and other countries in Europe, by several articles in the Journal of the Franklin Institute; and in the year 1843, there appeared in that journal, from the pen of Mr. Ellwood Morris, an eminent engineer of Pennsylvania, a translation of a French work, entitled, Experiments on water-wheels having a vertical axis, called turbines, by Arthur Morin, Captain of Artillery, etc. etc. In the same journal, Mr. Morris also published an account of a series of experiments, by himself, on two turbines constructed from his own designs, and then operating in the neighborhood of Philadelphia.
The experiments on one of these wheels, indicate a useful effect of seventy-five per cent. of the power expended, a result as good as that claimed for the practical effect of the best overshot-wheels, which had, heretofore, in this country, been considered unapproachable, in their economical use of water.
3. In the year 1844, Uriah A. Boyden, Esq., an eminent hydraulic engineer of Massachusetts, designed a turbine of about seventy-five horse-power, for the Picking House of the Appleton Company's cotton-mills, at Lowell, in Massachusetts, in which wheel, Mr. Boyden introduced several improvements, of great value.
The performance of the Appleton Company's turbine, was carefully ascertained by Mr. Boyden, and its effective power, exclusive of that required to carry the wheel itself, a pair of bevel gears, and the horizontal shaft carrying the friction pulley of a Prony dynamometer, was found to be seventy-eight per cent. of the power expended.
4. In the year 1846, Mr. Boyden superintended the construction of three turbines of about one hundred and ninety horse-power each, for the same company. By the terms of the contract, Mr, Boyden's compensation depended upon the performance of the turbines, and it was stipulated that two of them should be tested. The contract also contained the following clause, "and if the mean power derived from
