2. It will be observed that ا, د, ذ, ر, ز, ژ, و do not alter in shape, whether initial, medial, or final; neither do they unite with the letter following to the left. The letters ط, ظ, do not alter ; but they always unite with the letter following to the left. The eight letters peculiar to Arabic are-- ث, ح, ص, ط, ظ, ع, ق. They appear only in words purely, or originally, Arabic. The four letters peculiar to Persian are پ, چ, ژ, گ.
Pronunciation of the Letters
3. ت t. The sound of this letter is softer and more dental than that of the English t ; it is identical with the Sanskrit त.
ث ṥ is sounded by the Arabs like th in the words thick, thin; by the Persians as s in the words sick, sin.
چ ch has the sound of ch in the word church.
ح h is a strong aspirate like h in the word haul; it is uttered by compressing the lower muscles of the throat.
خ kh has a sound like ch in the word loch, as pronounced by a Scotchman.
د d is more dental than the English d.
ز z is sounded by the Arabs like th in the words thy, thine ; by the Persians as z in zeal.
