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(d) The Ablative, by prefixing to the nominative (singular or plural) the preposition از (az).
(e) The Genitive, by the juxtaposition of two substantives ; the thing possessed comes first, with its final letter sounded with kasra, called کَسرهءِ اضافت kasra,e iẓāfat ; thus
- پسرمَلِک pisar-i-malik, " the son of the king."
- کِتابِ پسرِ مَلِک 'kitāb-i-pisar-i-malik, " the book
of the king's son."
If the governing word ends in ا or و the Persians use (1) ي majhūl with -ٔ hamza ; (2) or -ٔ hamza alone with ــِـ kasra, expressed or understood ; as -
- جاءِ پدر or جاَئ پَدَز jā,e padar, "the place of
the father."
- پاءِ مرد or پائ مرد pā,e mard, "the foot of the man."
- رُوءِ پسر or رُوئ پسر rū,e pisar, "the face of the son."
- بوءِ گُل or بوئ گُل bū,e gul, " the scent of the
rose."
In practice, when ي majhul is used, -ٔ hamza is suppressed; as پاي مرد pā,e mard; روي پسر rū,e pisar.
If the governing word ends with the obscure ة (h), or the long vowel ي (ī or e), the Persians
