BARNACLE BARNARD 319 much corrupted by the continual presence of a multitude of German soldiers in the city, and who were also much afflicted by pestilence. In 1579 their constitutions and rules were fully revised and established, under the direction of St. Charles Borromeo. The mother house is at present in Rome, and the order has about 20 colleges in Italy, Austria, and France. BARNACLE, a name commonly, given both to the pedunculated and sessile cirripeds. By the older naturalists they were classed with the testaceous mollusca, the pedunculated forming the genus lepas, and the sessile the genus ~bala- nm ; they are now recognized as belonging to the articulata. Those provided with the fleshy peduncle or footstalk, as well as those without it, are found firmly fixed below the level of the water to the surface of rocks, shells, and float- ing substances. Adhering to the bottoms of vessels, they are carried to almost all parts of the world and are found in all seas, even the Goose Barnacles on a bottle. Arctic ocean. In warm climates particularly the barnacles attach themselves in such num- bers to the bottom of vessels, especially of those not protected by copper, as often to retard their progress. Their bodies are enclosed in shells, white or of a purplish blue color; the peduncle is a fleshy worm-like stem, the extremity of which is fixed to the object upon which the animal is stationed. The food of the barnacles consists of small Crustacea and mol- lusks ; these are entangled by the many-jointed cirri which are perpetually thrown out and folded again, so as to serve the purpose of casting a net, which drags the prey to the mouth. The young are produced from eggs, which are discharged by the female in great numbers. On emerging from the egg they are quite free, possessing locomotive organs, and being furnished also with large lateral eyes. In due time a metamorphosis takes place, and, assuming the shapes and habits of their pa- 78 VOL. n. 21 rents, they affix themselves to their future per- manent place of residence. It would appear that the growth of these animals is very rapid, for a ship perfectly free of them will return after a short voyage covered with them below the water line. The flesh of some of the varie- ties of the barnacle was esteemed by the an- cients, and at the present day the Chinese eat it. Except as to the obstruction of vessels, they seem to be perfectly harmless. The barnacle was in ancient times supposed to produce the bird known as the barnacle goose. (See GOOSE.) It is from this fabulous connection with the goose that the generic name anatifa of Lamarck (Lat. anas, duck) is still retained for the true barnacles, those furnished with the footstalk ; and so of the name anserifera or goose barnacle of Linnaeus applied to one of the species of this genus, which is called lepas. (See CIBBIPEDES.) BARNARD, Frederick Augustus Porter, LL. D., an American scholar and educator, born at Sheffield, Mass., in 1809. He graduated at Yale college in 1828, became tutor there in 1829, in 1831 teacher in the asylum for the deaf and dumb at Hartford, and in 1832 in that of New York. From 1837 to 1848 he was pro- fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the university of Alabama, and afterward of chemistry till 1854. The same year he took orders in the Episcopal church. He then be- came professor of mathematics and astrono- my in the university of Mississippi, of which institution he was elected president in 1856. In 1861 Dr. Barnard left Mississippi, and in 1864 he became president of Columbia college, New York, which office he still holds (1873). He was United States commissioner to the uni- versal exposition at Paris in 1867, and pub- lished an elaborate "Report on Machinery and Industrial Arts " (New York, 1869). His other principal works are: "Treatise on Arithme- tic " (1830) ; " Analytic Grammar with Sym- bolic Illustration " (1836), originating a system still used in the principal institutions for the deaf and dumb ; various reports, essays, &c., on collegiate and university education, includ- ing a volume of " Letters on Collegiate Govern- ment " (1855) ; " History of the United States Coast Survey" (1857); "Recent Progress of Science" (1869); and "The Metric System" (1871). In 1860 he was a member of the astro- nomical expedition to observe the total eclipse of the sun in Labrador ; in 1862 was engaged in continuing the reduction of Gilliss's obser- vations of the stars in the southern hemisphere; and in 1863 had charge of the publication of charts and maps of the United States coast survey. In 1860 he was elected president of the American association for the advancement of science; in 1865 of the board of experts of the American bureau of mines; and in 1872 of the American institute. In 1855 he received the degree of LL. D. from Jefferson college, Miss., and in 1859 from Yale college; in 1861 that of D. D. from the university of Missis-
