320 BARNARD BARNAUL sippi; and in 1872 that of doctor of literature from the regents of the university of the state of New York. He is a member of various learned societies in America and Europe, and has been a contributor to the " American Jour- nal of Education" from its commencement, and to Silliman's "American Journal of Sci- ence and Arts" since 1837. BARNARD, Henry, LL. D., an American schol- ar and educator, horn in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 24, 1811. He graduated at Yale college in 1830, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. From 1837 to 1840 he was a member of the legislature of Connecticut, and labored to secure the independence of the ju- diciary, the improvement of county prisons, the care of the insane poor, and the reorgani- zation of common schools. From 1838 to 1842, and again from 1850 to 1854, he was su- perintendent of schools, and revolutionized the construction of school houses, established pub- lic high schools, teachers' institutes, and a nor- mal school, and improved the system of school instruction. From 1843 to 1849 he was school commissioner of Ehode Island, and by repeat- ed visits to and public addresses in ditferent states he aided to set on foot similar reforms elsewhere. From 1857 to 1859 he was presi- dent of the state university of Wisconsin, and in 1865-'6 of St. John's college at Annapolis, Md. He labored to improve these institutions by consolidating them with other colleges, thus increasing their resources, by establishing pub- lic high schools, and by abridging the enforced course of study to two years, and extending the range of optional studies to the modern languages and sciences. From 1867 to 1869 he was United States commissioner of educa- tion, and brought about the national recogni- tion of the educational interests of the whole country, for which he had labored since 1840. He has received the degree of LL. D. from Har- vard, Yale, and Union colleges. Among his works, several of which have passed through many editions, are : " School Architecture " (1839) ; " National Education " (4 vols., 1840) ; "Normal Schools and Teachers' Institutes" (1850); "Educational Biography" (3 vols., 1857) ; " Papers for Teachers " (8 vols.) ; " Mil- itary Schools," and "Technical and Scientific Education." He has also conducted the follow- ing educational periodicals : " Common School Journal" (1838-'42); "Rhode Island School Journal" (1845-'49); "American Journal of Education " (Hartford, 1856 et seq.). BARNARD, John Gross, an American military engineer, brother of President F. A. P. Barnard, born in Berkshire county, Mass., May 19, 1815. He graduated at West Point in 1833, and was assigned to the engineer corps, in which he has since served, having been promoted as follows : lieutenant, 1833; captain, 1838; brevet major, 1848; major, 1858 ; brigadier general of volun- teers, 1861; brevet colonel, 1862; lieutenant colonel, 1863 ; brevet major general of volun- teers, 1864; brevet brigadier general and bre- vet major general of the regular army, March 13, 1865; colonel of the corps of engineers, Dec. 28, 1865. Up to 1846 he was employed as constructing engineer on the southern coasts and at New York and New Orleans. During the war with Mexico he fortified Tampico, and made surveys of the battlefields around the capital. In 1850-'51 he was chief engineer for the survey of the projected Tehuantepec railroad, and afterward acted as engineer of various public works. In 1855-'6 he was su- perintendent of the military academy at West Point, and for the next four years he had charge of the defences around New York. At the opening of the civil war he was intrusted with the fortifications around Washington, served as engineer for the army of the Potomac, and finally, on the staff of Gen. Grant, as chief engineer to the armies in the field. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866 ; and, with the actual rank of colonel of the corps of engineers, he is a member of boards having in charge the fortifications and harbor and river obstructions of the territory of the United States. He has published "The Gyro- scope " (1857), and " Problems in Rotary Mo- tion" (1872), two very profound mathematical investigations ; " Dangers and Defences of New York " (1859) ; " Notes on Seacoast Defence " (1861); "The 0. S. A. and the Battle of Bull Run" (1862); and "Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac" (1863). In 1864 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Yale college. BARNARD, Sir John, an English merchant, born at Reading, Berkshire, in 1685, died at Clapbam, Aug. 29, 1764. His parents were Quakers, but at the age of 19 he left the sect, and was baptized into the church of England. He entered the counting-house of his father, a prosperous wine merchant, soon took the chief management of the business, became one of the most eminent traders of the metropolis, and was elected a member of parliament for the city of London, which he continued to rep- resent during nearly 40 years. He generally opposed the administration of Sir Robert Wai- pole. In 1728 he was chosen an alderman of London ; in 1732 was knighted, on presenting i to the king a congratulatory address on his re- turn from Germany; in 1735 discharged the duties of sheriff; and in 1737 became lord mayor. He formed a plan for reducing the national debt of England, which, deemed chi- merical at first, was afterward adopted; and during the rebellion in Scotland in 1745 he as- sisted in maintaining public credit by agreeing with the leading merchants of London to re- ceive the notes of the bank of England in pay- ment of all debts. He retired from public life in 1758. A statue has been erected to him in the royal exchange. BARNAliL, the chief town in the mining dis- trict of the Altai mountains in Siberia, lat. 53 20' N., Ion. 84 E., on the river Barnaulka, a small branch of the Obi, 230 m. S. by W. of
