408 BAYFIELD to Paris, where it was exhibited at the national museum, and thence to other large towns in France. It was then deposited in the town hall of Bayeux, where it now remains, pre- served under glass in the public library. BITFIELD, a N. W. county of Wisconsin, on Lake Superior, including a number of islands in the lake ; area, about 1,450 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 344. Capital, Bayfield. BAYLE, Pierre, a French philosophical wri- ter, born at Carla, in the county of Foix, Nov. 18, 1647, died in Holland, Dec. 28, 1706. He was the son of a Protestant clergyman, and was educated at the university of Puylaurens and by the Jesuits of Toulouse, under whose influence he renounced Protestantism ; but he soon recanted, and to avoid persecution took refuge in Geneva, where he became acquaint- ed with the Cartesian philosophy. He wished to devote himself to science ; but being poor, he served as a tutor in several families. Re- turning to France, he became professor of philosophy in the Protestant university at Sedan in 1675. There he wrote an anonymous pamphlet in defence of the duke of Luxem- burg, who was charged before a high court of councillors of state with having made a com- pact and holding regular intercourse with' the devil ; and soon afterward published his Cogi- tationea rationales de Deo, Anima et Malo, in opposition to the doctrines of Poiret. In 1681 the university of Sedan was suppressed by Louis XIV., and Bayle with the other profes- sors removed to Rotterdam, where he contin- ued his professorship. His Pensees sur la co- mete, published there in 1682, to allay the fears revived among the people on the appear- ance of the comet of 1680, was prohibited in France by the police, but eagerly read. His pamphlet in reply to the Histoire du Cahi- nisme of the Jesuit Maimbourg was also very successful, and was ordered to be publicly burned by the executioner. In 1684 Bayle commenced a literary journal, under the title of Nowvelles de la republique des lettres, which was popular, but led to many quarrels. On the occasion of the severe measures of Louis XIV. against the Protestants, he wrote a plea for tol- eration entitled Commentaire philosophique sur lea paroles de P fivangile : " Contrain-les d'en- trer." For this Jurieu, the jealous author of a rival and unsuccessful answer to Maimbourg, denounced him as indifferent to religion, in fact almost an infidel, and finally had him dismissed from his professorship, deprived of his pension, and at last in 1693 forbidden by the common council of Rotterdam to teach either publicly or privately. Bayle then began his famous and long projected Dictionnaire hutorique et cri- tique, in which he intended to point out the er- rors and supply the deficiencies of the most im- portant publications of the same kind. In 1 696 the first edition appeared (2 vols. folio, Rotter- dam), and had at once an immense success. His enemies, however, arraigned him before the consistory of the Walloon church, who or- BAYLEY dered him to make many corrections and alter- ations in various important articles. The con- troversy in this matter occupied much of his time, and prevented him from improving as completely as he wished the work to which he had devoted his life. Bayle has been called the Montaigne of the 17th century; but, with a similar tendency to skepticism and greater earnestness, he lacks the ease and grace of that writer. He published the second edition of his Dictionnaire in 1702, but the most valuable editions are those of 1740, at Basel and 'Am- sterdam, both in 4 vols. folio. The English edition by Thomas Birch and Lockman (10 vols. folio, London, 1734-'41), contains many addi- tions. The most recent is that of Beuchot (16 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1820). BAYLEN, or Ballen, a town of Spain, in the province of Jaen, situated at the foot of the Sierra Morena, 22 m. N. of Jaen; pop. about 7,900. It commands the road from Castile into Andalusia. In the peninsular war the French general Dupont, while attempting to cross the Sierra at this point, was surrounded by the Spaniards and surrendered to Castafios, July 20, 1808, with about 18,000 troops. BAYLEY, James Roosevelt, an American arch- bishop, grandson of Richard Bayley, M. D., born in New York, Aug. 23, 1814. He is a graduate of Washington (now Trinity) college, Hartford, and was for some time tutor there. He studied theology with Dr. Samuel Farmer Jarvis of Middletown, Conn., was ordained a minister of the Protestant Episcopal church, and preached at Harlem, N. Y., and afterward at Hagerstown, Md. He then joined the Ro- man Catholic church, prepared himself for the priesthood at St. Sulpice in Paris, and was or- dained in New York, March 2, 1842, by Bishop Hughes. He was appointed professor of belles- lettres at St. John's college, Fordham, N. Y., of which he was president in 1845-'6, and from 1846 to 1853 was secretary to Archbishop Hughes. On Oct. 30, 1853, he was consecrated first bishop of Newark, N. J., which under his administration became one of the most prosper- ous dioceses in the United States. He founded Seton Hall college and numerous schools, acad- emies, convents, and churches. On July 30, 1872, he was appointed archbishop of Balti- more. He has published a " Sketch of the His- tory of the Catholic Church on the Island of New York" (New York, 1853; revised ed., 1869); "Memoirs of Simon Gabriel Brute, first Bishop of Vincennes" (1860); and "Pastorals for the People." BAYLEY', Richard, an American physician, born at Fairfield, Conn., in 1745, died Aug. 17, 1801. He studied in the hospitals of London, and in 1772 returned to New York and com- menced practice, becoming especially distin- guished in the treatment of croup. In 1775 he revisited England, but in the spring of 1776 returned to New York as staff surgeon to Sir Guy Carleton. He resigned his commission in the army the next year and resumed prac-
