796 BOISARD BOISE CITY portional to the temperature the water had at- tained. The presence of various salts in solu- tion affects the boiling to a very great degree, but there has not been found much accordance between the solubility of the salts and the ex- tent of their influence. TABLE OF BOILING POINTS OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS. NAME OF SALT. Parts 111 100 of water. Boiling point, F. 792-2 886-2' 862-2 803-8 836-1 40-6 224-8 249-8 209-0 265-9 205-0 275-0 S8-9 287-6 296-2 238-5 41-2 223-5 Carbonate of sodium 48-5 220-3 It has been a subject of controversy whether the vapors which issue from boiling aqueous solutions are of a higher temperature than the boiling point of pure water. According to the recent experiments of Prof. Magnus of Ber- lin the bubbles have at the moment of issuing a temperature equal to that of the highest stratum of the liquid ; but it is almost instan- taneously reduced by the absorption of heat occasioned by the expansion of the vapor. All the observations that have been made fail to es- tablish any relation between the boiling points of liquids and their specific gravities. Thus, bromine, with a specific gravity of 3-1862, boils at 145-4 F., while bromide of silicon, with a specific gravity of 2-8128, has a boiling point of 308; and formic ether, having a specific gravity of -9357, boils at 127-7, while fusel oil, with a specific gravity of only -8271, does not boil below a temperature of 269-8. The chem- ical constitution of many liquids, however, ac- 1 cording to the investigations of Prof. Kopp, bears a very striking relation to their respec- tive boiling points. He found that analogous compounds, having the same differences of composition, often have the same differences in their boiling points. Thus, in the series of ho- mologous acids which differ in composition by one molecule of CH S , and the alcohols from which they are derived by oxidation, he found that there was a difference of very nearly 34-2 F. in the boiling points. In the following table, which exhibits some of Kopp's results, it will moreover be observed that the difference in boiling points between each alcohol and its de- rived acid is very nearly 72 F. BOILING POINTS OP ALCOHOLS. ALCOHOL. Formal*. Calculated boiling point, F. Observed boiling point, F. CH.O C,H,0 C,H 8 O C^H.oO C.H.,,0 188-2 172-4 206-6 240-8 275-0 Kane, 140' ; Kopp, 149 ; Pierre, 150-8. Dumas. 16S-S' ; Gay-Lussac, Kopp, 172-4. Chancel, 204-8. Wurtz, 228-2'. Pierre, Kopp, 269-6' ; Eelckher, 275'. Ethyfic alcohol Trltyllc alcohol. ... Tetrylic alcohol Amylic alcohol BOILING POINTS OF ACIDS. ACID. Formula. Calculated boiling point, F. Observed boiling point, F. Formic acid CHjO. C,H 4 Oi C s H 6 O a C,H B OJ C.H.A 210-2' 244-4 278-6 812-8 847-0 Liebifc, 210-2' ; Kopp, 221'. Kopp, 242-6' ; Sebille, Auger, 246-2'. Dumas. Leblanc, 284' ; Kopp, 287-6'. Kopp, Delffs, 812-8'; Pierre, 825-4. Dumas, Delffs, 847 ; Kopp, 848-8. Acetic acid Butyric acid Valeric acid It was found that in the series of hydrocarbons homologous with benzole, CH,, a difference of CH a in chemical composition is accompanied with an average difference of about 43 F. in the boiling point ; and in the series of alcohol radicles homologous with ethyl the difference in the corresponding boiling points was ob- served to be about the same. BOISARD. I. Jean Jaeqnes Francois Marie, a French fabulist, born at Caen in 1743, died there in 1831. He was secretary to the count de Provence, afterward Louis XVIII. Losing his pension at the revolution, and unable to find employment in Paris, he spent the rest of his life at Caen, in great poverty. His Mille et unefalles (2 vols., 1777) are regarded as equal to those of Florian, and in some respects to those of Lafontaine. A new edition of them was published at Caen in 1806. II. Jaeqnes Francois, a nephew of the preceding, born at Caen about 1762, died in the first half of this century. He was not successful as a painter, and not much more so as a fabulist, though he wrote many volumes, some of which (Fables, 2 vols., Paris, 1817-'22) he dedicated to Louis XVIII. He was sentenced to be guillotined in 1793, but escaped. He spent most of his life in poverty. BOISE, a S. W. county of Idaho, watered by the Little Salmon river and affluents of the Saptin or Snake river ; area, about 2,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,834, of whom 1,754 were Chinese. The county contains 5 quartz mills for the production of gold, 8 saw mills, and a weekly^newspaper. Capital, Idaho City. BOISE CITY, the capital of Idaho territory and of Ada county, situated on the N. bank of the Boisd river, about 520 in. N. E. of San Francisco, and 285 m. N. W. of Salt Lake City,
