HUBBARDTON HUBER 25 live of the Troubles with the Indians from 1607 to 1677, with a Discourse" (4to, Boston, 1677), the map accompanying which is sup- posed to be the first executed in America, and " Memoir of Gen. Denison " (1084). He left also in manuscript a general history of New England, for which the colony paid him 50. For the most of the earlier annals lie was in- debted to Winthrop's MS. journal, and his MS. has been used by other historians and an- nalists. It was published by the Massachusetts historical society in 1815 (8vo, Cambridge). HCBBARDTON, a town of Rutland co., Ver- mont, 48 m. S. W. of Montpelier ; pop. in 1870, 606. It is noted for a battle between the British and Americans, July 7, 1777. The American army under Gen. St. Clair having been forced to evacuate Ticonderoga, July 6, their main body marched through Hubbardton to Castleton, leaving a rear guard of 1,000 half equipped nlen under Cols. Warner, Francis, and Haile, to wait at Hubbardton for the strag- glers. Here on the following morning they were overtaken by about double their number of British, commanded by Gen. Fraser. The battle began at 7 A. M. The charge of the Americans at first forced the enemy to give way, but they soon formed again, while at the same time Col. Francis was mortally wounded, his men fell back, and Gen. Riedesel appeared on the field with a heavy reenforcement for the British. Warner was obliged to retreat, leaving 30 of his men killed and 294 wounded and prisoners, while the British acknowledged a loss of 183 killed and wounded, though, ac- cording to Ethan Allen, they lost 300. Col. Haile withdrew from the field with 300 men without coming into action. He demanded a court martial to investigate the charge of cow- ardice brought against him, but died in captiv- ity before it could be held. A monument on the battle field was inaugurated July 7, 1859. IIl'BKR, Francois, a Swiss naturalist, born in Geneva, July 2, 1750, died in Lausanne, Dec. 21, 1831. At 15 years of age a too close devo- tion to the study of the natural sciences, which he had followed from childhood, affect- ed his health and eyesight, and he was taken to Paris for medical treatment. His health was soon restored, but the disease of his eyes was pronounced incurable, and ho soon after became totally blind. Before that time he had won the affections of a young lady, Mile. Lullin, who married him, and until the close of his life was unremitting in her devotion to him. Being left by his father in comfortable circumstances, he resumed his investigations in natural science, in which he was aided by his wife, and a faithful attendant named Bnr- nens, who ultimately became his reader and amanuensis. He had previously given much attention to the habits of bees, and believing that many of the statements of Reaumur and Bonnet on the subject were erroneous, he pro- ceeded, with the assistance of his wife and at- tendant, to make a vast number of original observations, which, having been digested and systematically arranged by him, were first pub- lished in his Lettres d Gh. Bonnet (1792). The work was reprinted in 1796, and again in 1814, under the title of Nomelles observations iur lea abeilles, both times with important additions. The last edition contained his Hernoire sur Vorigine de la cire, in preparing which he was assisted by his son Pierre. The impregnation of the queen bee, and many other important facts in the economy of the beehive, were first made known in this work, which from its in- trinsic merits, as well as the unusual circum- stances under which it was prepared, made Huber's name famous throughout Europe. Subsequently, with the cooperation of Sene- bier, he produced a Memoire sur I'irifluence de Fair et des diverses substances gazeuses dans la germination des differentes plantes (Geneva, 1801). PIEBRE, his son, born in Geneva in 1777, was the author of several valuable papers relating to bees and butterflies, and published Kecherches sur les fpurmis indigenes (1810). He died at Yverdun in 1840. Ill Ui:u. Jean Rodolphe, a Swiss painter, born in Basel in 1668, died in 1748. He studied in Switzerland and in Italy, and executed works for various German princes, including histori- cal pictures for the palace of the duke of Wur- temberg at Stuttgart. He excelled in correct- ness of drawing and vigorous coloring, and on account of his surprising facility in portrait painting was called the Tintoretto of Switzer- land, though greatly inferior to that master. IllBKK, Jobann Nepomnk, a German theolo- gian, born in Munich, Aug. 18, 1830. He graduated at the university of Munich in 1854, and became professor in 1859. His Philosophie der Kirchenviiter (Munich, 1859) was in 1860 placed on the prohibitory index, and an effort was made to prevent students from attending his lectures. His rupture with the ultramon- tanes became still wider in 18C3, when in an assembly of Roman Catholic scholars he stood alone in asserting the right of free investigation in theology. In 1871 he became the foremost adversary of the society of Jesus, and one of the principal leaders of the Old Catholic move- ment in Bavaria, in opposition to the papal de- cree of infallibility. His works include Johann Scotus Erigena (Munich, 1859); Idee der Un- sterUichkeit (1861); Die ProJetarier (1864); Professor StocH in Munster, and Offener Brief an Professor StocM, exposing the pantheism of Thomas Aquinas (1864); Studien (1867); Freiheiten der framisischen Kirche (1870); Das Papstthum und der Staat (1870) ; Die Lehre Darwins kritiscJi, betrachtet (1870); and Kleine Schriften (1871). Ill ISKK. Murlf, a Swiss authoress, born in Geneva in 1695, died in Lyons, June 13, 1753. She was the daughter of a merchant, received a scientific education, never married, and spent her whole life in seclusion, study, and charita- ble labor. Her principal works are : Systemes des theologiens ancieits et modernes conciliis
