IOWA IOWAS 341 1855, an act was passed by the legislature submitting to the people the question of calling a constitutional convention. The proposition having been approved, an election of delegates was held in November, 1856. On Jan. 19, 1857, the convention met in Iowa City and framed the present constitution, which was ratified on Aug. 3, 1857, by a vote of 40,311 to 38,681. The word "white," where it had been used in defining the qualifications of elec- tors, the basis of representation, and the obliga- tion of militia duty, was stricken out by acts of the legislature, subsequently approved by the people in 1868. The question of revising the constitution was submitted to the people in 1870, when a majority voted against it. A report on the geological survey of the state during 1866-'9, by Charles A. White, state geologist, was published in Des Moines in 1870 (2 vols.). IOWA. I. A S. W. county of Wisconsin, bounded N. by Wisconsin river, and drained by the branches of the Pekatonica ; area, 720 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 24,544. The surface is irregular and thinly timbered. Lead is abun- dant, and copper and zinc are found. The Prairie du Chien division of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad passes along the N. bor- der, and the Mineral Point railroad terminates at the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 760,166 bushels of wheat, 705,792 of Indian corn, 803,951 of oats, 40,867 of bar- ley, 35,857 of flaxseed, 145,141 of potatoes, 48,758 Ibs. of wool, 73,896 of hops, 84,023 of flax, 547,388 of butter, and 38,054 tons of hay. There were 9,871 horses, 10,064 milch cows, 17,460 other cattle, 13,756 sheep, and 28,235 swine; 22 manufactories of carriages, 7 of cabinet furniture, 5 of pig lead, 1 of paints, 8 of saddlery and harness, 3 flour mills, 4 brew- eries, and 2 zinc-smelting establishments. Cap- ital, Mineral Point. II. An E. county of Iowa, intersected by the river of the same name and the N. fork of the English river; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,644. It has an undulating and well wooded surface, and a fertile soil. The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad passes through the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 531,148 bushels of wheat, 1,281,123 of Indian corn, 267,049 of oats, 111,882 of potatoes, 499,379 Ibs. of butter, 31,877 of wool, and 30,703 tons of hay. There were 6,564 horses, 6,481 milch cows, 10,995 other cattle, 8,806 sheep, and 21, 590 swine; 4 manufactories of carriages, 4 of saddlery and harness, 1 of woollen goods, 4 of brick, 4 flour mills, and a cotton and wool- len print works. Capital, Marengo. IOWA CITY, the capital of Johnson co., Iowa, and from 1839 to 1857 the seat of the territo- rial and state government, situated on the left bank of the Iowa river (here navigable by steamboats), 80 m. from its mouth, and on the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad, 130 m. E. of Des Moines ; pop. in 1850, 1,250 ; in 1860,5,214; in 1870, 5,914. Since the census the city has been enlarged, and the population now (1874) is about 9,000. It is built upon the highest of three plateaus, 150 ft. above the river, and is surrounded, at the distance of a mile, by an amphitheatre of hills. It is the seat of the state university, which has an at- tendance of 600 students in the academical, law, and medical departments, an extensive laboratory, and a library of 6,500 volumes. The university occupies four buildings, the largest having been erected by the federal gov- ernment for the territorial capitol. In connec- tion with its medical department is Mercy hos- pital, with roomy wards and private apart- ments. (See IOWA.) The county offices and court house are the other principal public buildings. There are several flouring mills in operation, and the river furnishes motive pow- er for various other manufactories. The city contains two national banks, the state histori- cal society's rooms, with a library of about 3,500 volumes, four ward schools, three acad- emies, a commercial college, a daily and three weekly (one Bohemian) newspapers, a semi- monthly periodical (published by the students in the university), and 15 churches. IOWA RIVER. See IOWA. IOWAS, a tribe of American Indians, belong- ing to the Dakota family. They call themselves Pahucha, "Dusty Nose," but were called by some Algonquin tribes lowas, and by others Mascoutin or Prairie Nadouessis. Marquette in 1673 lays them down as the Pahoutet, back of the Des Moines. They consisted of eight clans : the Eagle, Wolf, Bear, and Buffalo, still exist- ing, and the Pigeon, Elk, Beaver, and Snake, now extinct. Each of these was distinguished by a peculiar way of cutting the hair. The Jesuit Father Andre preached to a band of them about 1675, and ten years later a delega- tion met and wept over Perrot, according to the Sioux fashion, at his temporary fort on the Wisconsin. Their country was then in about lat. 43 N., 12 days' journey west of Green bay. In 1700 they were on the Mankato, and like the Sioux were at war with all the west- ern Algonquin tribes. Charlevoix mentions that the great pipestone quarry was on their territory, and says they were famous in all the west as pedestrians, being able to travel 25 or 30 leagues a day when alone; and the names of chiefs show that they pride themselves on their walking. They were constantly at war, and about the beginning of this century were involved with the Osages, and soon after with the Omahas and Sioux. They seem to have numbered then about 1,500. They defeated the Osages in 1803, but soon after lost severe- ly by smallpox ; some years later many of them were killed and taken by the Sioux, and in 1815 they were again decimated by disease. The United States made a treaty of peace with Wyingwaha or Hardheart and other chiefs, Sept. 16, 1815. By another treaty, made with Gen. Clark on Aug. 4, 1824, Mahaskah or White Cloud, the greatest chief in the annals of the tribe, and Manehana or Great Walker,
