342 IPECACUANHA ceded all the Iowa lands in the territory of Missouri, for $500 down and $500 annually for ten years, the United States agreeing to sup- port a blacksmith and assist the tribe with agricultural implements, cattle, &e. Their chief villages at this time were on the Iowa and Des Moines. The next year Clark and Lewis Cass endeavored to establish peace between them and the Sioux. A part of the Sacs and Foxes were then jointly interested with them in some of the territory between the Iowa and Des Moines, and have continued to be their friends and neighbors. The intrusion of whites on their valuable lead lands led to trouble and com- plaints ; but the influence of liquor, with war and disease, was beginning to destroy the tribe. The lowas, numbering 992, were removed by the treaty of Sept. 17, 1836, and placed on the west bank of the Missouri above Wolf river ; but a part broke off the next year and became vagrants, living by theft and hunting on grounds of other tribes. Every year showed a decline, the chiefs leading in intemperance, and many of the tribe being killed annually in liquor. A Presbyterian mission and manual labor school, earnestly maintained from 1835 to 1866, failed to save this people. By 1846 they had de- clined to 706 in number. Their territory was [ then bounded E. by the Missouri and N. by the i Great Nemahaw. By the treaty of March 6, 1861, the tribe, reduced then to 305 souls, ceded all but a reservation of 16,000 acres. In 1869 they agreed to sell this and remove, but subsequently retracted, merely giving part to the Sacs and Foxes, who actually sold their reservation. Out of a population of only 293 the lowas in 1864 had 41 men in the United States armies, who were improved by the dis- cipline, and adopted civilized customs. Since the tribe has been- placed under the charge of the Friends, some progress is said to have been made in sobriety and industry. In 1872 they numbered 225, and were quite favorable to the school, which contained 63 pupils all dressed in civilized garb, and to the orphans' industrial home. They had 700 acres cultiva- ted, 13 frame houses, and 20 log houses. Their produce amounted to $2,685, and their stock was valued at $7,900. The United States gov- ernment holds $57,500 for the lowas, the in- terest of which is paid yearly to the heads of families ; and the usual Indian goods are not now furnished, being replaced by useful arti- cles. An Iowa grammar by the Rev. S. M. Irvin and William Hamilton, illustrating the principles of the language, and a primer, were published at the Iowa mission in 1848. IPECACUANHA, a name given by the aborigines of Brazil to various roots -which possess emetic properties. The root thus designated in the pharmacopoeias does not appear to be one of these, but of the cephaelie ipecacuanha, called poaya, in Brazil, a small plant of the natural order rubiacece, suborder cinchonacea. It grows in the thick and shady woods of Brazil and Colombia, flowering in January and Feb- ruary, at which season the root is collected by the native Indians and taken to the chief ports for exportation. The pieces are a few inches long and of the size of straws, much bent and sometimes branched, and in the gen- uine article always knotted on the surface by rings and depressions which have given it the designation of annulated. The central portion is ligneous, and possesses the virtue of the plant in a much less degree than the cortical covering of the root. The different colors of this portion, sometimes red, brown, or gray, have led to the mistake of referring the root to different varieties of the plant according to these colors. The alkaloid principle, called emetia, has been separated in an impure state from the cortical part of the brown root in the proportion of 16 per cent., and from the red of 14 per cent. This principle, to which the emetic property of the plant is owing, is hard- ly to be obtained pure, but is probably a salt, Cephaolis ipecacmralia. the alkaloid uniting with many acids to form crystallizable salts. It appears as a white pow- der without odor, and of slightly bitter taste. The root of psychotria emetica, growing in Peru and Colombia, has been known as ipeca- cuanha striata, and the root of various spe- cies of Kichardsonia as /. undulata. Vari- ous species of ionidium produce white ipecac. All of these roots are emetic, and the /. striata and I. undulata have been found to contain emetia. The British government has made suc- cessful experiments in raising ipecacuanha in In- dia, and supplies of the drug will probably here- after be furnished by that country. The first plants were propagated at the Edinburgh botan- ic garden and sent out in Wardian cases, but they have since been propagated in India. The plant is readily multiplied by cuttings of the rhizome, but is of exceedingly slow growth. Ipecacuanha was introduced into medical prac- tice in Europe by John Helvetius, grandfather
