HUELVA HtTFELAND 31 ceded to the French, hut has never been occu- pied by them. Ill Kl, I. I. A S. W. province of Spain, forming the W. extremity of Andalusia, bor- dering on Portugal, the Atlantic, and the prov- inces of Cadiz, Seville, and Badajoz ; area, 4,118 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 196,469. The larger portion of the province is a picturesque mountain land, being traversed by a continua- tion of the Sierra Morena, known as the Sier- ra de Aroche. It is but little cultivated and thinly peopled. It has mines of copper, iron, lead, and coal, salt works, and mineral springs. The copper mines on the Rio Tinto are cele- brated. The chief rivers are the Guadiana, which forms part of its western frontier, and the Tinto. The principal towns, besides the capital, are Moguer, Ayamonte, Cartaya, La Palma, Valverde del Camino, and Aracena. II. A town, capital of the province, situated on a peninsula between the mouths of the Tinto and the Odiel, 50 m. W. S. W. of Seville ; pop. about 10,000. It has broad, clean streets, two churches, two hospitals, a high school, a thea- tre, barracks, a beautiful promenade, and an ancient aqueduct. Copper is largely exported, and there is a brisk coasting trade with Cadiz and Seville. It is the site of the ancient Onoba, of which considerable remains exist. Ill KH1 l, a S. county of Colorado, drained by a river of the same name; area, about 2,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 2,250. The sur- face is generally mountainous. The land along the Huerfano and its branches is fertile, and Indian corn grows well, but stock raising is the chief industry. Some gold and silver is found in the mountains. The Denver and Rio Grande railroad traverses the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,597 bushels of wheat, 13,080 of Indian corn, 2,170 of oats, and 37,779 Ibs. of wool. There were 281 horses, 1,987 milch cows, 2,349 other cattle, 30,704 sheep, and 413 swine. Capital, Badito. Ill KS( 1. I, A province of Spain, in Arngon, bordering on France and the provinces of L6- rida, Saragossa, and Navarre; area, 5,872 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 274,623. The N. part, which is covered by offsets of the Pyrenees, is rugged and mountainous ; but the S. is level and fer- tile. The principal rivers are the Cinca, Alca- nadre, Isnela, Gallego, and Aragon, all tribu- taries of the Ebro. Wine, oil, and cattle are produced. Iron, copper, and lead are found, but there is little mining. The manufac- tures are linen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, &c. The principal towns are Huesca, Barbas- tro, Fraga, Monzon, and Jaca. II. A town (anc. Osca), capital of the province, on the Isuela, 35 m. N. E. of Saragossa ; pop. about 10,000. It is a place of great antiquity. Ser- torius founded here a college for the instruc- tion of Iberian youth in Greek and Roman learning. Julius Ca;sar raised it to the dignity of a municipium, and honored it with the title of Osca Urbs Victrix. In 1096 Pedro I. of Aragon recovered this city from the Moors, 416 VOL. ix. 3 who called it Weshha, and annexed it to his dominions. It is the seat of a bishop, has a beautiful Gothic cathedral, four churches, an episcopal seminary, two colleges, a theatre, and barracks. The university, which was founded by Pedro IV. of Aragon in 1354, has recently been abolished. The industry is confined to tanning and weaving of coarse linen. Ill KT. Pierre Daniel, a French scholar, born in Caen, Feb. 8, 1630, died in Paris, Jan. 26, 1721. He studied at Caen and Paris, and trav- elled in Holland and Sweden in 1652. In 1670 he was appointed by the king sub-preceptor un- der Bossuet of the dauphin, and he directed for his royal pupil the preparation of the Delphin edition of the classics (ad usum Delphini). He was received into the French academy in 1674, became bishop of Avranches in 1689, resigned that office after ten years, and soon afterward entered an establishment of the Jesuits at Paris. His principal works are: De Interpretatione (Paris, 1661); Lettre sur Vorigine des romans (1670), full of curious researches; Demonttra- tio Evangelica (1679) ; Censura Philosophies Cartesians (1689), in which he appears as an opponent of Cartesianism ; Histoire du com- merce et de la navigation des anciens (Lyons, 1716); and Traite philosophique de lafaiblesse de Vesprit humain (Amsterdam, 1723), which caused him to he classed among .skeptics. He wrote memoirs of his life in Latin (1718; French translation by Charles Nisard, Paris, 1853). His complete works appeared in 1856, in 6 vols. Ill 1 1,1. VM>. Christoph Willielm, a German phy- sician, born at Langensalza, Thnringia, Aug. 12, 1762, died in Berlin, Aug. 25, 1836. He studied at Jena and Gottingen, graduated as M. D. in 1783, and was appointed professor of medicine at Jena in 1793. In 1798 he removed to Berlin, and after the establishment of the university of Berlin (1809) he became profes- sor there of special pathology and therapeutics. His work on the art of prolonging life (Makro- biotik, oder die Kunst das mensehliche Leben zu verlangern, Jena, 1796 ; 8th ed., Berlin, 1860) was translated into several European lan- guages. Among his other works is one on scrofulous diseases ( Ueber die Natur, Erkennt- niasmittel und Heilart der Skrophelkrankheit, Jena, 1795). His work on the physical train- ing of infants (Outer Bath an Mutter alter die wichtigsten Punkte der phyiischen Erziehung der Kinder in den ersten Jahren, Berlin, 1799 ; 10th ed., 1866) produced many reforms in the system of education ; while his Enchiridion Medicum (Berlin, 1836; 10th ed., 1857), which gives the experiences of his 50 years of practice, is still consulted. His System der praktischen Heilkunde (Jena and Leipsic, 1800-'5), and his Gesehichte der Oesundheit (Berlin, 1812), are much esteemed. He introduced the system of mortuary houses for the prevention of burying alive, the first of which was erected at Weimar under his superintendence ; and endowed char- itable institutions for poor physicians and phy-
