32 HUGEL sicians' widows. His autobiography, edited by Gosclien, was published in 1803. Ill (,CI., Karl Alexander Anselm, baron, a Gor- man traveller, born in Ratisbon, April 25, 1796, died in Brussels, June 2, 1870. He studied law in Heidelberg, served as an Austrian officer in 1813-'14, and held an appointment in the embassy sent to induce Christian, the tempo- rary king of Norway, to resign. In 1821 he went in a diplomatic capacity to Naples, and afterward lived several years in Vienna. In 1831 he set out to visit Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, Barbary, and remote portions of India and central Asia. He returned to Europe in 1837, bringing with him a collection illustra- ting ethnography and natural history, as well as antique coins, manuscripts, jewelry, paintings, and silver vessels. The whole collection was purchased for the imperial museum in Vien- na. Ho wrote Botanisches Archiv (Vienna, 1837) ; Ka&chmir und das Reich der Sikhs (4 vols., Stuttgart, 1840-'42); and Das BecTcen con Kabul (2 vols., Vienna, 1851-'2). HCGKK. I. Isaac, an American revolutionary general, born at Limerick plantation, 8. 0., March 19, 1742, died in Charleston in Novem- ber, 1797. He was one of five patriot broth- ers active in the revolution. Their parents were wealthy, and the sons completed their education in Europe. Isaac first served under Col. Middleton in the expedition against the Cherokees in 1760. He was made lieutenant colonel of the 1st South Carolina regiment, June 17, 1775, and subsequently colonel of the 5th regiment ; took a conspicuous part in the engagements connected with the siege of Sa- vannah in 1778; was made a brigadier general Jan. 19, 1779; commanded a force of cavalry at the siege of Charleston in 1780, which was surprised and dispersed by Tarleton ; and com- manded the Virginia brigade which formed the right wing in the battles of Guilford Court House, March 15, 1781, and Hobkirk's Hill, April 25, 1781. II. Francis Kinloek, an Amer- ican officer, nephew of the preceding, born in 1764, died in Charleston, S. C., Feb. 15, 1855. His father, Major Benjamin Huger, was killed before the lines of Charleston in 1779. After being a pupil of Dr. John Hunter, and a fellow student of Dr. Physick in Philadelphia, he join- ed with Dr. Eric Bollmann in a daring but un- successful attempt to rescue Lafayette from Ol- mutz. (See BOLLMANN.) Huger was arrested and for eight months kept in severe confine- ment. He returned home, and in 1798 became a captain in the army, was a colonel in the war of 1812, and served in both branches of the legislature of his state. III. Benjamin, son of the preceding, born in Charleston in 1806. He graduated at "West Point in 1825, and was commander at Fortress Monroe from 1841 to 1846. He served as chief of ordnance to Gen. Scott in the Mexican war, was successively bre- vetted as major, lieutenant colonel, and co'lonel, and from 1854 to 1860 was in command of the arsenal at Pikesville, Md. He resigned HUGH CAPET his commission in April, 1861, entered the con- federate service, and was soon made major general. His conduct during the campaign on the peninsula was severely censured, and he was removed from active service soon after. Ill (;<;iS, William, an English astronomer, born in London, Feb. 7, 1824. He was edu- cated at the city of London school and by pri- vate tutors, and devoted himself successively to natural philosophy, astronomy, and micro- scopy, attaining great proficiency in each. In 1855 he erected an observatory near his resi- dence at Upper Tulse hill, furnishing it with a transit instrument and an equatorial of 8 in. aperture manufactured in Cambridge, Mass. At first he was occupied with observations of double stars, and he also made drawings of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn; but later he gave almost his entire attention to the application of spectrum analysis to the examination of comets and nebulae, and his most valuable achievements have been in this field. In 1862, as a preliminary task, he spent several months in mapping the spectra of 26 chemical ele- ments ; the results are published in the " Phi- losophical Transactions " for 1864. In his pris- matic observation of the stars he was assisted by Dr. "William A. Miller, and the gold medal of the royal astronomical society was awarded to them jointly in 1867, Mr. Huggins having received one of the royal medals in 1866. He has proved that the proper motion of a star in the line of sight can be determined by any small change of position in the lines of the spectrum, and thus he calculates that Sirius is moving away from the earth at the rate of 27 m. a second. He has made valuable observa- tions on the solar prominences, showing how their forms may be seen, and has detected the heat received at the earth from some of the fixed stars. In 1869 he delivered the Rede lecture at Cambridge, in which he gave an ac- count of his discoveries. In 1871 the royal society placed at his disposal a telescope of 15 in. aperture, which was placed in a new ob- servatory at Upper Tulse hill. For an account of his observations of the spectra of comets, see COMET, vol. v., p. 141. HUGH CAPET, king of France and the found- er of the Capetian dynasty, born about 940, died Oct. 24, 996. When still a child he in- herited from his father, Hugh the Great, the duchy of France and the county of Paris, thus taking rank among the most powerful princes of his country. On the death of Louis V., the last of the Carlovingian kings, a number of no- bles and bishops from all parts of the country assembled at Senlis to settle the succession, and selected Hugh Capet in preference to the Carlovingian duke Charles of Lorraine, the un- cle of the late king. Hugh was consequently crowned at Noyon, July 3, 987, by the arch- bishop of Rheims. Notwithstanding this elec- tion, Charles supported his claims to the crown of France by the sword, and after four years' hostilities was apparently on the point of sue-
