GRAFTING upon it, and the union of the edges of the barks made as complete as possible on each side. Crown grafting is by many preferred to cleft grafting, as there is no split made in the stock, which often leads to decay ; it is practised upon large trees of which the wood is too hard and stubborn to be cleft, or upon small stocks. Sev- eral scions are pared away on one side of the lower end for about two inches, so as to make that side flat and leave a shoulder forming a right angle with it. The head of the stock being sawn off horizontally, and the cut portion smoothed, the bark is gently raised from the wood and thin wedges inserted. The scions are now pushed under the bark, their shoulders resting on the crown of the stock ; the wedges being withdrawn, the whole is covered with wax or waxed cloth. After the grafts have grown, and made long, tender shoots, which they will be apt to do with much rapidity and vigor, they should be secured to long stakes ited near the stock and rising above it, to GRAFTON 141 ti. Crown Grafting, showing the completed opera- tion and an enlarged view of the scion. ent the wind from breaking off the newly ed top at the junction with the stock ; or where the grafts are in the head of a tree, their vigor is controlled by pinching. Sometimes it is essential to replace limbs that have been broken from young trees, or from branches of older ones, and to restore the symmetry of form ; and this is done by side grafting. Here the bark and a little of the wood is sloped off from the side of the trunk or of the branch, and the lower end of the scion is cut so as to fit the part as near as possible ; lit is then fixed in the branch or trunk, first tonguing both as in whip grafting, tying them with bast, and claying or waxing over. Another form of side grafting is used on the camellia and other hard-wooded shrubs ; a long, nearly perpendicular cut is made in the stem, in which the scion is placed. Inarching is only a kind of grafting, and is employed where the cut scion is not easily united to the desired stock. Two branches, or two stocks of the two distinct plants, are brought close together, and the prepared surfaces are matched and tongued, as in whip grafting ; after a while a perfect union will take place, when the inarched portion is to be separated from its parent root, and it henceforth becomes the branch or top of its new foster moth- er. The two plants to 'be inarched must be brought near to one another, which is usually accomplished by having one of them in a pot. In some cases the same object is effected by placing the lower end of the branch to be inarched in a bottle, which is kept sup- plied with water. Budding is only a va- riety of grafting in which a single bud is used instead of a scion with several ; it is also called shield grafting. (See BUD- DING.) The prac- tice of grafting seems to have been long known; but the pro- cesses have multipli- ed with the discov- eries and improve- FIG. 5,-Inarching. ments m horticul- ture, and others besides those mentioned here are employed for particular subjects. A full account of all the processes known will be found in L "Art de greffer, by Baltet. Du Breuil's "Arboriculture," Barry's "Fruit Gar- den," and Thomas's "Fruit Culturist" may also be consulted for practical details. GRAFTON, a W. county of New Hampshire, bounded W. by the Connecticut river ; area, 1,463 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 39,103. It has a mountainous surface, containing some of the celebrated summits of the White mountains and the Franconia range. Much of the land is devoted to pasturage, but parts of it are sus- ceptible of high cultivation. The Northern (N. H.) and its Bristol branch, the White Mountain, and the Boston, Concord, and Mon- treal railroads pass through the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 57,802 bushels of wheat, 198,165 of Indian corn, 390,172 of oats, 1,078,208 of potatoes, 1,095,623 Ibs. of butter, 189,602 of cheese, 446,197 of wool, 650,445 of maple sugar, 26,377 of hops, and 140,220 tons of hay. There were 7,135 horses, 12,748 milch cows, 6,685 working oxen, 14,562 other cattle, 86,681 sheep, and 4,302 swine. The number of manufactories was 646, with an aggregate capital of $2,362,735 ; value of pro- ducts, $5,012,033. The most important were 5 of agricultural implements, 15 of clothing, 1
