GROSS GROSSETESTE -265 About 1660 he penetrated westward to the territory of the Sioux. He made his way from Lake Assiniboine to James bay, and, failing to induce Quebec merchants to occupy Hudson bay, went to England, and in 1663 led thither an English vessel commanded by Gillam, a Few Englander. He subsequently returned to the French service and aided to break up the English posts in the bay, which he explored, naming the rivers that flow into it. GROSS) Samuel D. 5 an American surgeon, born in Northampton co., Pa., July 8, 1805. He re- ceived his medical degree in 1828, and began practice in Philadelphia, devoting his leisure to study and to the translation of French and German medical works, as Bollard's General Anatomy," Hatin's "Manual of Obstetrics," Hildenbrand on "Typhus Fever," and Taver- nier's " Operative Surgery." His first original work was a treatise on the " Diseases and In- juries of the Bones and Joints" (1830). In this occurs the first account of the use of ad- hesive plaster as a means of extension in the treatment of fractures. In 1833 he became demonstrator of anatomy in the medical col- lege of Ohio, and removed to Cincinnati ; and in 1835 he became professor of pathological anat- omy in the medical department of the Cin- cinnati college, where he delivered the first systematic course of lectures on morbid anato- my that had ever been given in this country, and composed the first systematic treatise on the subject ever published in the United States, "Elements of Pathological Anatomy " (2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1839; 3d ed., 1857). In 1840 Dr. Gross removed to Louisville, Ky., having been elected professor of surgery in the uni- versity of that city. In 1850 he accepted the professorship of surgery in the university of New York, but at the end of the session re- turned to Kentucky, where he was soon re- stored to his chair. In 1856 he was called to Jefferson medical college in Philadelphia. Dr. Gross was chosen president of the American medical association in 1867", and in 1870 pre- sided over the teachers' convention at "Wash- ington for the improvement of medical educa- tion. He is a member of many American and European societies, and has received the degree of LL. D. from Jefferson college of Pennsyl- vania, and that of D. C. L. from Oxford uni- versity (1872). Besides the works already mentioned, he is the author of a monograph on " Wounds of the Intestines " (1843) ; " For- eign Bodies in the Air Passages" (1850); "Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Urinary Organs " (1851) ; " Report on the Causes which retard 'the Progress of American Medical Literature " (1856) ; " System of Sur- gery, Pathological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Operative" (2 vols. 8vo, 1859; 3d ed., revised, 1864 ; translated into French, Dutch, and Rus- sian) ; " Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons," and " Manual of Military Sur- gery" (1861). In conjunction with Dr. T. G. Richardson, he founded and for five years ed- ited the " North American Medico-Chirurgical Review." GROSSE, Jnlins Waldemar, a German poet, born in Erfurt, April 25, 1828. He studied at Magdeburg and Halle, and devoted himself to art at Munich, but became a journalist, and in 1870 secretary of the Schiller institution at Weimar. He has published many novels, dra- mas, and poems. Among the novels are Ma- ria Mancini (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1869; 2d ed., 1871), Ein Revolutions (1869; 2d ed., 1871), and Der neue AMlard (Leipsic, 1871). His Ge- sammelte dramatische Werke appeared in Leip- sic in 1870, in 7 vols., and a complete edition of his poems, including the exquisite piece Das Madchen von Capri, in Berlin in 1871 et seq. He published a volume of patriotic poems, Wider Frankreich, in 1870. GROSSE.MIAIN, or Main, a town of Saxony, on the Roder, 18 m. N. N. W. of Dresden ; pop. in 1871, 10,438. It has pleasant gardens, several churches, many schools, and extensive manu- factories of cloth, cotton, prints, &c. The town was strongly fortified in the middle ages, when it belonged to Bohemia. A great fire broke out July 6, 1540, in a nunnery, said to have been the work of the inmates, who were incensed by the proposed abolition of the in- stitution ; and the conflagration consumed the greater part of the town, and also the castle, which was afterward rebuilt, and is now used as a manufactory. After great vicissitudes during the thirty years' war, and in the war with Sweden, it was desolated by another fire, July 8, 1744, which spared only about 40 houses. The town has gradually recovered from its misfortunes, and its population and in- dustry are steadily increasing. GROSSETESTE, Greathead, or Grouthcad (Lat. CAPITO), Rotocrt, a British theologian, born at Stradbrooke, Suffolk, about 1175, died at Buck- den, Oct. 9, 1253. He was educated first at Ox- ford and Paris, became a professor in the latter university, was appointed archdeacon of Ches- ter in 1210, and was successively archdeacon of "Wilts, Northampton, and Leicester, preben- dary of Clifton, lecturer on divinity in the first Franciscan school at Oxford, and chancellor of the university (rector scholarum). In 1232 he resigned all his preferments except the pre- bend of Clifton, and wrote a work in defence of the Jews. In 1235 he was consecrated bishop of Lincoln, and opened in his residence a school for young noblemen, for whom he composed the book entitled De Morilm Pueri ad Mensam. He removed all scandalous and inefficient pastors, and refused institution to pluralists, to clergymen employed in courts of judicature or in the collection of the revenue, and to all who were unable to reside on their benefices. Besides the harassing and expensive lawsuits arising from his reforms, he was com- pelled to go to Rome in 1245 to plead his own cause against the complaints of his chapter, sustained by Boniface, archbishop of Canter- bury. He succeeded there, and after his re-
