266 GROSSETO GROS VENIRES turn to England his chapter submitted, and he visited the convents and monasteries, deposing negligent or inefficient superiors, and enforcing the observance of monastic rules. He opposed the royal extravagance and favoritism, contend- ed in parliament against the exactions of the king, and resisted the intrusion of foreigners into English livings. On a second visit to Ly- ons in 1250, he presented to Innocent IV. a memorial on the evils of the church, which the pope ordered to be read in the consistory of cardinals. Returning to England, Robert was dissuaded by his friend Adam de Marisco from resigning his bishopric, and soon afterward he refused to induct into a rich benefice an Italian ignorant of English, while he excommunica- ted an unworthy nominee of the king's, and placed an interdiction on the church to which he had been nominated. In the parliament of London, Oct. 13, 1252, the king having pre- sented a demand for a new subsidy, backed by a papal bull, Grosseteste united the entire body of the clergy in opposition to it. He also ad- dressed an appeal to the lords and commonalty to suppress by statute the appointment of for- eigners to preferment within the kingdom. One of his last acts was to refuse carrying out a provision sent him by the nuncio, promoting to a prebend in the church of Lincoln Frede- rick of Louvain, the nephew of Innocent IV. The story, says Lingard, that Grosseteste died under an ecclesiastical sentence rests on ques- tionable authority. The catalogue of Iris works contains treatises on almost every branch of sci- ence ; it fills 23 closely printed quarto pages in Pegge's "Life of Grosseteste" (4to, London, 1793). No complete collection of his works exists. Among the principal are: JRuperti Lincolniensu Opuscula dignissima (fol., Venice, 1514) ; Compendium SphcerfB Mundi (Augsburg, 1483; fol., Venice, 1518; and several other editions ; translated into English) ; " Testament of the XII. Patriarchs" (12mo, London, 1577, with woodcuts ; several times reprinted) ; " A Treatyse of Husbandry," or " The Buke of Hus- bandry," according to Wynkin de Worde's edi- tion; De Cessations Legalium (4to, London, 1652 ; 2d ed., 8vo, 1658) ; " Castell of Love," edited by Weymouth (1864); and "Letters and Treatises," edited by H. R. Luard (1862). A life in Latin verse by Ricardus Barderiensis is to be found in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, vol. ii. See also his "Life and Times." bv G. G. Perry (London, 1871). GROSSKTO. GROSSETO. I. A province of central Italy, Tuscany, bounded W. by the Mediterranean ; area, 1,712 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 107,457. The most important river is the Ombrone. It is the least productive province of Tuscany, the soil consisting partly of sterile mountain, part- ly of marshes, and only a small portion of it being capable of cultivation. Both agriculture and manufactures are unimportant. Among the chief products are sugar, lumber, coal, and potash. II. A town, capital of the province, in the plain of the Orabrone, 70 m. S. by W. of Florence ; pop. about 6,500. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a large cathedral and an artesian well. During summer most of the in- habitants leave the town to escape the exhala- tions of the Maremma. GROSS-GLOGAU. See GLOGATJ. GROSSWARDEIN (Hungarian, Nagy - Vdrad), a town of Hungary, in the county of Bihar, on the Swift Koros, in a beautiful but somewhat marshy plain on a branch of the Pesth and Debreczin railway, 134 m. E. by S. of Pesth ; pop. in 1870, 28,698. It is the seat of a Ro- man Catholic and a Greek Catholic bishop, has 16 Catholic, two Greek, and three Protestant churches, several convents, a Greek Catholic diocesan seminary, an academy of law, a gym- nasium, two normal schools, several orphan houses and other charitable institutions, and several distilleries. The peace between John Zapolya and Ferdinand I. was concluded here in 1538. In the neighborhood is the watering place Haj6. GROS VENIRES (Fr., Big Bellies), a name applied to two Indian tribes of different origin : 1, the Gros Ventres of the Missouri, or Minne- taries (see MINNETARIES) ; 2, the Gros Ventres of the prairies. The latter tribe, dwelling be- tween the Milk and Missouri rivers, are a part of the Arrapahoes. They say that they came from the north and joined the Arrapahoes only temporarily; but the language is said to be the same, showing a common origin. Their separation from the Arrapahoes took place early in this century according to some, or at the beginning of the last century according to others. Wandering eastward, they met and fought the Sioux and then struck north. They next joined the Crows, but were plundered by that tribe, who killed many, carrying off their women and arms. Then they wandered for several years, plundering trading posts at the north, but were driven off by the Koote- nais, and finally, about 1824, settled near Milk river, where the Blackfeet in a manner adopt- ed them, giving them horses. The traders supplied guns and ammunition. They soon became wealthy, as well as .very independent and hostile to the whites. About 1830 they were estimated at 430 lodges, containing nearly 3,000 souls. Attempts were made by Father De Smet and other Jesuits to Christianize them as early as 1846, but with little success. Trea- ties were made with them at Fort Laramie in September, 1851, at the Judith in 1853 and in October, 1855, and at Fort Benton in No- vember, 1865, some of which were never rati- fied. The Gros Ventres have remained peaceful since the treaties. In 1854 they became hostile to the Blackfeet, who had murdered and robbed a Gros Ventre. In 1862, with the Crows, they made war on the Piegans; a Blackfoot tribe ; but peace was made between them by Agent Upton at Fort Benton in February, 1864. They soon after lost severely by measles, and in 1867, hav- ing again gone to war with the Piegans, were defeated near Cypress mountains with a loss of
