GROTE 300 men, nearly all their horses and many of their women and children being taken. The next year they ceded their lands for an annu- ity of $35,000 in goods, by a treaty which was not immediately ratified, although they were placed on a reservation on Milk river with a part of the Crows. In 1870 their numbers were reduced to 1,300 by smallpox, and they were plundered by the Sioux, who killed many of their people. They were then joined by their indred the Arrapahoes, and by the northern eyennes, who wished to reside permanently ith them. The greatest chief of later days Farmasee or Sitting Squaw, a tall, athletic , the bravest of his tribe and a great friend the whites. They are divided into bands, under a hereditary chief or a band leader osen for his valor. They have comfortable lodges built by their women, large enough to mmodate 100 persons. One part is assigned their horses, dogs, cattle, and chickens, hile another is for sleeping apartments. The ros Ventres now occupy a portion of the Blackfoot reservation of 17,000,000 acres in Montana, .and receive from government an- nually $35,000 in such goods as the president ,y from time to time determine are neces- pursuant to the treaty of July 13, 1868. GROTE, George, an English historian, born at ay Hill, Beckenham, Kent, Nov. 17, 1794, ~ in London, June 18, 1871. He was edu- ated at Charterhouse school, and in 1809 be- came a clerk in his father's bank. His leisure hours were given to literature and political studies. He was a liberal in politics, incli- ning to radicalism, and his first literary produc- tion was a reply to an article by Sir James Mackintosh in the " Edinburgh Review " on parliamentary reform. It was published anony- mously in pamphlet form in 1821, and he wrote also a small work on " The Essentials of Parlia- mentary Reform." He studied political econ- omy in the school of Mr. James Mill, and was influenced in philosophy by the theories of Comte. He began to collect materials for his history of Greece in 1823, but was drawn away from this project by the reform move- ment, and was elected to parliament in 1832 from the city of London. The principal fea- ture of his political career was an attempt to introduce the ballot into English elections. His motion was defeated in 1833 by a vote of 211 to 106. He renewed the motion unsuccess- fully the next session, and continued to advo- cate the measure until the close of his parlia- mentary service in 1841, when he resigned in order to give his whole attention to his history. While in retirement he contributed to the "Westminster Review " an article on Mitford's "History of Greece," and one to the " London and Westminster Review" onNiebuhr's "He- roic Legends of Greece." The first two vol- umes of his work were printed in 1846, and were received with general applause from all parties. The 12th volume was published in 1856, bringing down the subject to the end of GROTIUS 267 the generation contemporary with Alexander, the limit which the author had assigned for it. The work at once rose to a high position in literature, and several editions have been called for. It has been translated into German and French. Mr. Grote throws upon Greek history new light, and unfolds with clearness the pro- gress of Hellenic thought. His geographical descriptions are also exact. He describes bat- tles with minute accuracy, and is equally suc- cessful in painting Socrates disputing in the Agora, in defending the sophists, or in unfolding the bold and generous nature of Demosthenes. His philosophical speculations are sometimes abstruse and above the popular understanding ; but his style is strong and bold. In 1865 he published "Plato and the other Companions of Socrates." This was to be followed by "Aristotle," which he never completed. In 1868 he succeeded Lord Brougham as president of the council of the university of London. His minor works, "with critical remarks on his intellectual character, writings, and speeches," by Alexander Bain, were published in 1873 ; and in the same year a sketch of his personal life was published by his widow, the authoress of a " Memoir of Ary Scheffer " (1860), and of " Collected Papers in Prose and Verse " (1862). GROTEFEND, Georg Friedrich, a German phi- lologist and archaeologist, born in Mtinden, June 9, 1775, died in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1853. He studied in Gottingen, officiated for some time as -rector of the gymnasium of Frank- fort, founded in 1817 the Gelefirtenverein fur deutsehe Sprache, and was director of the lyce- um of Hanover from 1821 to 1849. He was a contributor to Ersch and Gruber's cyclopedia, wrote on German philology and poetry, and extensively on the ancient languages and the geography of Italy, prepared several Latin grammars for the use of schools, and was the first to question the genuineness of Wag enf eld's alleged discovery of Sanchoniathon's original history of the Phoenicians. He gained reputa- tion by deciphering the Pehlevic inscriptions of the Sassanides at Naksh-i-Rustam, near an- cient Persepolis. His principal works on the subject are : Beitrdge zur Erlduterung der per- sepolitanischen KeilscJirift (Hanover, 1837); Neue Beitrdge zur JErlauterung der ^abylo- nischen KeilscJiri/t (1840) ; and Anlage und Zerstorung der Oebdude zu Nimrud (Gottin- gen, 1851). GROTIUS (DE GEOOT), Hugo, a Dutch jurist, born in Delft, April 10, 1583, died in Rostock, Aug. 28, 1645. In his 15th year he published an edition of Marcianus Capella, from the an- notations of which it is evident the young edi- tor must have been critically acquainted with the works of Cicero, Aristotle, Pliny, Euclid, Strabo, Ptolemy, and many other even more recondite authors. After three years at the university of Leyden, which he had entered at the age of 12, he was made an attache" of Barne- veldt's embassy from the Dutch states to Henry IV. He returned to Holland in 1599, published
