HACKEE HACKETT general appearance to the elm, except that its branches are more horizontal, and instead of a winged fruit it bears singly or in pairs a globu- lar drupe, about the size of a wild cherry, dark purple when ripe, and sweet and edible. The wood, though tine-grained and compact, is not heavy, and when exposed to the weather is not durable ; it splits readily and is sometimes used for rails and even for baskets; it is said to make excellent charcoal. The tree extends from New England to the Pacific, and south- ward to Texas ; and being found in widely dif- ferent situations, it presents great variation in the size, form, and thickness of the leaves. At least a dozen forms have from time to time been described by botanists as species ; but as every intermediate state can be found between these nominal species, the best authorities unite them all under G. occidentals. This tree in the northern states is rarely found growing in great numbers in any one locality, and is perhaps the least known of any of our forest trees; at the south it is more abundant, and attains a large size on the coast as well as on the river banks, where specimens 60 to 80 ft. high, with a trunk 3 to 5 ft. in diameter, are not rare. Tree planters seem to overlook the merits of the hackberry as an ornamental tree, and it is better appreciated in Europe than with us; as a lawn tree it presents an elegant form, and is remarkably free from the attacks of insects ; it holds its leaves until late in au- tumn, when they turn yellow and fall all at once. A dwarf hackberry is found in western Texas, which seems to be a distinct species ; it is a crooked shrub of a few feet in height, and was called by Torrey C. palllda. The wood of the European C. australis is valued for ma- king furniture, and especially for carving ; the very strong and flexible shoots serve for ma- king hay forks, whip handles, and the like. HACKEE. See CHIPMUNK. HACRERT, Philipp, a German artist, born at Prenzlau, Prussia, Sept. 15, 1737, died near Florence, April 28, 1807. He studied painting with his father, and afterward at Berlin, and went to Paris in 1765, and to Italy in 1768. In Rome the empress Catharine of Russia or- dered of him two pictures to represent the na- val battle of Tchesme, July 5, 1770, and the burning of the Turkish fleet. In order that he might understand the appearance of the ex- plosion of a ship, Count Orloff blew up on6 of his frigates before him. After the task was finished the empress ordered six pictures of the victories of the Russians in the Mediterranean. He resided for some time in Naples, but was compelled by the revolution of 1799 to go to Florence ; and he purchased a villa near that city, in which he resided until his death. His contemporary reputation was beyond his mer- its. He engraved many of his own paintings, and wrote SulF uso delta vernice nella pittura (1788), and Theoretisch-praTctische Anleitung zum Landschaftszeichnen (1803). Goethe wrote a biographical sketch of Hackert (1811). HACRETT, Horatio Balch, an American Biblical scholar, born in Salisbury, Mass., Dec. 27, 1808. He graduated at Amherst college in 1830, and studied theology at Andover, and afterward at Halle and Berlin. He spent a year as tutor at Amherst college, and four years as professor of ancient languages at Brown university, and in 1839 became professor of Biblical literature in the Newton theological institution. In 1851-'2 he travelled in Italy, Egypt, Palestine, and other countries. In 1858-'9 he resided several months in Athens, for the purpose of studying modern Greek, as auxiliary to the in- terpretation of the New Testament, and visit- ed places in and near Greece possessing a Bib- lical interest. In 1869 he resigned his pro- fessorship at Newton, and in 1870 became pro- fessor of New Testament Greek in the Roches- ter theological seminary, He has published Plutarch's De Sera Numinis Vindicta, with notes (Andover, 1844); a translation of Wi- ner's Chaldee grammar, with additions (1845); "Hebrew Grammar" and "Hebrew Reader" (1847); a "Commentary on the Acts" (Bos- ton, 1851; new ed. greatly extended, 1858); " Illustrations of Scripture suggested by a Tour through the Holy Land" (1855) ; translation of the " Epistle to Philemon, with Notes" (1860); "Memorials of Christian Men in the War" (1864) ; translation of Van Oosterzee's " Com- mentary on Philemon," for Lange's " Com- mentary" (1868); and translation of Braune's " Commentary on Philippians," with additions, for Lange's " Commentary " (1870). He con- tributed to the English edition of Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible," and with Dr. Ezra Abbot edited the American edition. He also edited the American edition of Rawlinson's " Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament," with notes and appendix (1873). He is one of the American revisers of the English Bible. HACRETT, James Henry, an American actor, born in New York, March 15, 1800, died at Jamaica, L. I., Dec. 28, 1871. He entered Columbia college in 1815, but remained only a year. In 1817 he began the study of law, and in the following year became a clerk in a gro- cery store. In 1819 he married an actress of the Park theatre. He was in mercantile busi- ness in Utica and in New York from 1820 to 1825, but failed, and then devoted himself to the stage, making his first appearance at the Park theatre, March 1, 1826, as Justice Wood- cock. On March 10 he made a decided suc- cess as Sylvester Daggerwood. He went to England the same year, and also made success- ful professional visits there in 1832, 1840, 1845, and 1851. Upon his return from his first visit to England he appeared as Rip Van Winkle, and subsequently as Monsieur Mallet and Fal- staff. In 1829-'30 he was associated in the management of the Bowery and Chatham thea- tres in New York. In 1837 he managed the National theatre, and in 1849 he was lessee and manager of the Astor place opera house, and lost more than $4,000 by the Forrest and
