HALLECK HALLER 403 sions enjoyed a great popularity, copies having been circulated in manuscript after the original edition had been exhausted. In 1821 a second edition appeared, enlarged by the addition of 50 stanzas. In 1822-'3 he visited Europe, and in 1827 published anonymously an edition of his poems, including "Am wick Castle," "Burns," and "Marco Bozzaris." In January, 1864, he published in the " New York Ledger " " Young America," a poem of about 300 lines. En- larged editions of Halleck's poems appeared in 1836, 1842, 1849, and 1858, and after his death a complete edition, including the " Croakers " and "Young America," edited with very full notes by James Grant Wilson, who has also written the " Life of Halleck." In 1832 Hal- leek prepared an edition of Byron, containing notes and a memoir; and in 1840 he compiled two volumes of " Selections from the British Poets." A handsome obelisk has been erected over his grave at Guilford, and a full-length bronze statue is to be erected in the Central park, New York. HALLECK, Henry Wager, an American soldier, born at Waterville, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1815, died in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 9, 1872. He studied for a time at Union college, and entered the military academy at West Point, where he graduated in 1839, after which he served for a year as assistant professor of engineering, and until 1845 as assistant engineer upon the forti- fications in the harbor of New York. In that year he was sent by government to study the principal military establishments in Europe. In 1846 he was ordered to California, where he served in various military and civil capaci- ties, and was also director general of the New Almaden quicksilver mines. He resigned his commission in August, 1854, and entered upon the practice of law in San Francisco, and was also president of a railroad. On the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed a major gen- eral in the United States army, and was soon after placed in command of the military depart- ment of the West, his headquarters being at St. Louis. He directed the military operations in the west, and took the command in the field during the Corinth campaign in the spring and early summer of 1862. In July, 1862, he was called to Washington and appointed general- in-chief of all the armies of the United States, a position which he held till March 12, 1864. Grant being then made lieutenant general, Halleck received the appointment of chief of staff to the army, which he held till April, 1865, when he was placed in command of the military division of the James, his head- quarters being at Richmond. In the following August he was transferred to the division of the Pacific, and in March, 1869, to that of the South, his headquarters being at Louisville. He published several works upon military and scientific topics, the principal of which are : " Bitumen, its Varieties, Properties, and Uses " (1841); "Elements of Military Art and Sci- ence" (1846; 2d ed., with critical notes on the Mexican and Crimean wars, 1858) ; " The Mining Laws of Spain and Mexico" (1859) ; a translation, with an introduction, of "De Fooz on the Law of Mines " (1860) ; "International Law, or the Rules regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War" (1861); a transla- tion, with notes, of Jomini's " Life of Napole- on" (1864); and "A Treatise on International Law and the Laws of War, prepared for the Use of Schools and Colleges" (1866). HALLEIN, a town of Austria, in the duchy of Salzburg, near the Bavarian frontier, on the Salzach, 9 m. S. of Salzburg ; pop. about 3,600. The neighboring mountains are rich in salt mines, of which there is here a government inspection. There are 17 entrances to the mines, which are very extensive, reaching some distance beyond tbe Bavarian frontier, the right of working them being guaranteed to Austria by the treaty of Vienna. The mines have been worked for more than 600 years, and still pro- duce over 16,000 tons of salt annually. The town contains salt baths and extensive manu- factories of cotton goods and wooden ware. The Tyrolese, under Haspinger, here encountered the French, under Lefebvre, Oct. 3, 1809. HALLER, Albreeht TOO, a Swiss physiologist, born in Bern, Oct. 16, 1708, died there, Dec. 12, 1777. He studied theology at Tubingen, and medicine and natural sciences at Leyden, where he graduated in 1726. After having paid a prolonged visit to England and France, he studied the higher branches of mathematics in Basel under Bernoulli. His delicate health induced him to accompany his friend Johann Gessner to the Alps, where he gathered the materials for his great botanical work and one of his poems. In 1729 he returned to Bern, where he founded an anatomical theatre. In 1735 he was appointed physician of the city hospital and director of the city library, and in the following year professor of botany, medi- cine, surgery, and anatomy at the newly estab- lished university of Gottingen. He founded there many scientific and beneficent institu- tions, and in 1751 the royal academy of sciences, of which he became president for life. He was ennobled by the emperor Francis I., received complimentary invitations from Oxford, Utrecht, Halle, Berlin, and St. Petersburg, was appoint- ed royal councillor and physician by the king of England, and member of the grand council of Halle. In 1753 he relinquished all his trusts, excepting the presidency of the royal academy, and spent the rest of his life in Bern, where he became chief magistrate. Haller is regarded as the father of modern physiology. He estab- lished scientifically a new law, referring the animal functions to two powers, irritability and sensibility. He had evolved this idea as early as 1739, and announced it in 1747, in his Primes Linece Physiologies, and expounded his system in its entire comprehensiveness in his Elemen* ta Physiologies Corporis Humani (8 vols., Lau- sanne, l757-'66, with a posthumous supplement, 1782). Among his other works are BiUiotheca
