404 HALLEY JBotanica (2 vote., Zurich, 1771-'2), BibliotJieca Ghirurgica (2 vols., 1774-'5), Bibliotheca Ana- tomica (2 vols., 1774-'7), and the first part of the Bibliotheoa Medicince Practices (4 vols., Ba- sel, l776-'87). His Icones Anatomicce (7 vols., Gottingen, l743-'6), which he himself regarded as one of his best works, contains 46 drawings of many of the organs, and particularly of the arteries. His activity was prodigious. Be- sides numerous contributions to German and French scientific periodicals, he wrote 12,000 reviews for the Commentarii Societatis Regice Scientiarum Gottingensis, and many novels. His best poems are " The Alps" and " On the Origin of Evil." HALLEY, Edmund, an English astronomer, born at Haggerston, near London, Oct. 29, 1656, died at Lee, near Greenwich, Jan. 14, 1742. He was educated at Oxford. His first published essay was "A Direct and Geomet- rical Method of finding the Aphelia and Ec- centricity of Planets" (1675). In November, 1676, he sailed for St. Helena, to form a cata- logue of the fixed stars of the southern hemi- sphere; he returned in 1678, and the next year published his Gatalogus Stellarum Australium, containing the positions of 360 stars, and numer- ous other observations. In 1678 he was elect- ed a fellow of the royal society, and in 1679, at the request of that society, went to Dantzic to settle an astronomical controversy between Hooke and Hevelius. In 1681 he set out on a continental tour, and in December, when near Paris, he discovered the comet known by his name ; his prediction of its return was the first of the kind that proved correct. In 1683 he published his " Theory of the Variation of the Magnetic Compass," in which he considers the earth as a vast magnet, having four magnetic poles, two near its N. and two near its S. pole, the needle always being governed by the near- est. In the same year he was led to examine Kepler's laws of the planetary motions, and from them to infer that the centripetal force always varies inversely as the square of the distance. Visiting Newton at Cambridge, to obtain aid in proving this geometrically, he was delighted to find that the latter had per- fectly demonstrated the laws of the celestial motions. He soon gave to the royal soci- ety an account of Newton's treatise be Motu, which was entered on their register ; and at a later period he prevailed on the great philoso- pher to complete his Principia, the first vol- ume of which was printed by Halley at his own expense. In 1686 he published an ac- count of the trade winds and monsoons near the tropics ; and among other valuable papers were one in 1691 on the circulation of watery vapors and the origin of springs, and another showing the importance of observing the con- junctions of the superior planets, as a means of determining the sun's parallax and distance from the earth. In the same year he was a candidate for the Savilian chair of astronomy at Oxford, but failed to obtain it mainly on HALLOWELL account of what were regarded as his infidel opinions, though it is now said that the only ground for this charge was, that he asserted the existence of a pre- Adamite earth, out of the ruins of which our present earth was made. In 1692 he published his modified theory of the changes in the magnetic varia- tion, and to test its correctness by observation obtained from King William the appointment of captain of a vessel, in which in two succes- sive voyages he finished his experiments ; re- turning home in 1700, he published his chart of the compass variations, and received the title of captain in the royal navy, with half pay for life. On the recommendation of Queen Anne, and at the request of the empe- ror of Germany, he went twice to the Adriatic to plan the formation of a harbor. In 1703, on the death of Dr. Wallis, he was chosen Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford. Soon after he began, with Gregory, the publication of the works of the ancient geometers ; and several of their treatises, translated and edited by them, appeared in 1706-'10. In 1720, after the death of Flamsteed, he was appointed astronomer royal; and though now 64 years of age, he continued for 20 years, without an assistant, to carry on the operations of the Greenwich ob- servatory. In 1721 he published his method of finding the longitude at sea; and in 1725 drew up his tables for computing the places of the planets, which, however, as he delayed publishing that he might perfect them, did not appear till 1749, after his death. In 1737 he was struck with paralysis. II ALLI WELL, James Orchard, an English archae- ologist, born at Chelsea, June 21, 1820. He has edited and published more than 60 pamphlets relating to early English literature, especially as connected with Shakespeare. Of his other works, the principal are: "Early History of Freemasonry in England " (1844) ; " Letters of the Kings of England " (1846) ; " Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words " (2 vols., 1847) ; " Life of William Shakespeare " (1848) ; " Popu- lar Rhymes and Nursery Ballads" (1849); "Curiosities of Modern Shakespearian Criti- cism " (1853) ; " Notes of Family Excursions in North Wales" (1860); " Rambles in West- ern Cornwall" (1861); "The Last Days of William Shakespeare" (1863); "An Account of New Place, Stratford-on-Avon " (1864) ; and an edition of Shakespeare, published for sub- scribers, of which only 150 copies were printed (16 vols. fol., completed in 1865). HALLOWELL, a city of Kennebec co.. Maine, on the W. bank of the Kennebec river^ and on | the Augusta division of the Maine Central rail- road, 2 m. below Augusta, and 4 m. above Gardiner; pop. in 1860, 2,435; in 1870, 3,007. It is built on rising ground, the principal ave- nues running parallel to the river, and the cross streets having an ascent of about 200 ft. from the water's edge to the crest of the hill. The upper part of the city is occupied by residences, the lower by stores, factories, and warehouses.
